全国研究生入学考试英语二试题和标准答案.docx

1、全国研究生入学考试英语二试题和标准答案2018全国研究生入学考试英语(二试题和标准答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 pointsmrT0Aiat3oThe Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech.

2、 But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has1across the Web.mrT0Aiat3oCan privacy be preserved2bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly3?mrT0Aiat3oLast month, Howard Schmidt, the nations cyber-czar, offered the federal government a4to make the

3、Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech5of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled6one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential7to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online serv

4、ices.mrT0Aiat3oThe idea is to8a federation of private online identity systems. User could9which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license10by the gove

5、rnment.mrT0Aiat3oGoogle and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to11just once but use many different services.mrT0Aiat3o12.the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetli

6、ghts” to establish a sense of a13community.mrT0Aiat3oMr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with14,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure15which the transaction runs”.mrT0Aia

7、t3oStill, the administrations plan has16privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would17be a compulsory Internet “drives license” mentality.mrT0Aiat3oThe plan has also been greeted with18by some com

8、puter security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet19.They argue that all Internet users should be20to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.mrT0Aiat3o1A.s

9、weptB.skippedC.walkedD.ridden2A.forB.withinC.whileD.though3A.carelessB.lawlessC.pointlessD.helpless4A.reasonB.reminderC.compromiseD.proposal5A.informationB.interferenceC.entertainmentD.equivalent6A.byB.intoC.fromD.over7A.linkedB.directedC.chainedD.compared8A.dismissB.discoverC.createD.improve9A.reca

10、llB.suggestC.selectD.realize10A.relcasedB.issuedC.distributedD.delivered11A.carry onB.linger onC.set inD.log in12A.In vainB.In effectC.In returnD.In contrast13A.trustedB.modernizedc.thrivingD.competing14A.cautionB.delightC.confidenceD.patience15A.onB.afterC.beyondD.across16A.dividedB.disappointedC.p

11、rotectedD.united17A.frequestlyB.incidentallyC.occasionallyD.eventually18A.skepticismB.releranceC.indifferenceD.enthusiasm19A.manageableB.defendableC.vulnerableD.invisible20A.invitedB.appointedC.allowedD.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the

12、questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40pointsmrT0Aiat3oText 1 Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed

13、 both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just tak

14、ing up too much time, she said.mrT0Aiat3o Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firms board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executives proposals. If the sky, an

15、d the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.mrT0Aiat3o The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply

16、 checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the compan

17、y will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent

18、bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.mrT0Aiat3o But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding

19、a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will fo

20、llow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.mrT0Aiat3o21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .mrT0Aiat3oAgaining excessive profitsBfailing to fulfill her dutyCrefusing to make compromisesDleaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that

21、outside directors are supposed to be .mrT0Aiat3oAgenerous investorsBunbiased executivesCshare price forecastersDindependent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure, the firm is likely to .mrT0Aiat3oAbecome more stableBreport increas

22、ed earningsCdo less well in the stock marketDperform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .mrT0Aiat3oAmay stay for the attractive offers from the firmmrT0Aiat3oBhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firmmrT0Aiat3oCare accustomed to stress-free

23、 work in the firmDwill decline incentives from the firm25. The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is .mrT0Aiat3oApermissiveBpositiveCscornfulDcriticalText 2 Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertis

24、ing and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. Americas Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize the

25、m ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.mrT0Aiat3o In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not on

26、ly survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.mrT0Aiat3o It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have

27、 gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.mrT0Aiat3o Newspapers are becoming more balanced b

28、usinesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD. In Japan the propor

29、tion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.mrT0Aiat3o The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general b

30、usiness reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.mrT0Aiat3o26. By saying “Newspapers like their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1, the author indicates that newspaper .mrT0Aiat3oAnegl

31、ected the sign of crisisBfailed to get state subsidiesCwere not charitable corporationsDwere in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .mrT0Aiat3oAreaders threatened to pay lessBnewspapers wanted to reduce costsCjournalists reported little about these areasDsubscribers complained about slimmer produ