高考英语14讲系统突破语法专题专题一名词与冠词.docx

1、高考英语14讲系统突破语法专题 专题一 名词与冠词专题一名词与冠词名词的单复数1规则名词的6种复数变化形式变化规则例词一般情况下在词尾直接加smouthmouths househouses以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词在词尾加esglassglasses matchmatches以辅音字母y结尾的名词变y为i，再加escountrycountries factoryfactories以元音字母y结尾的名词在词尾直接sholidayholidays monkeymonkeys以o结尾的名词一般在词尾加spianopianos photophotos有些在词尾加esheroheroes potat

2、opotatoes以f, fe结尾的名词一般要变f或fe为vesselfselves wolfwolves少数直接加sroofroofs beliefbeliefs下列以f结尾的名词既可以变f为v后再加es，也可以直接在f后加s：handkerchiefhandkerchiefs/handkerchieves, scarfscarfs/scarves巧记变f或fe为ves的名词：巧学助记为了自己(self)活命(life)，小偷(thief)和他的妻子(wife)手里拿着刀子(knife)和一片树叶(leaf)站在架子(shelf)上，把狼(wolf)劈成两半(half)。2不规则名词的3种复

3、数变化形式变化规则例词单复数同形deer, sheep, means, series, works, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft变内部元音footfeet, toothteeth, goosegeese manmen, womanwomen, mousemice外来名词mediummedia phenomenonphenomena analysisanalyses 名师指津fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes，而表示同一种鱼时，其单复数形式相同；people指“人们”时单复数同形，指“民族”时，其复数为peoples。3合成名词的2

4、种复数形式(1)若有主体名词，则把主体名词变成复数；若无主体名词，则把最后一部分变成复数。passerbypassersby, sisterinlawsistersinlaw, grownupgrownups, housewifehousewives(2)“man/womann.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和主体名词都要变复数：women engineers。命题点感悟 单句语法填空 (2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five

5、 to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all _ (cause)解析：causes此处的cause是可数名词，表示“原因”。根据其前的all可知，应该使用复数形式，故填causes。(2018浙江11月高考)One study showed that _ (woman) who drank a lot of coffee, like eight or more cups per day, while they were pregnant were more

6、likely to have children with birth defects.解析：women根据该句后半部分的they可知，空格处应该用复数形式，故填women。(2018浙江6月高考) Making Chinese _ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.解析：dishes此处表示“中国的饭菜”，当然不止一种，因此该名词应该用复数形式，故填dishes。(2017浙江11月高考)You wouldnt think that a few _ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough

7、 .解析：months空格前面有a few作限定词且表示肯定，因此后面的名词应该用复数形式，所以使用months。(2017浙江6月高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _(carrot) and was about to throw them away.解析：carrots根据空格前面的“a handful of”可知，此处要用名词的复数形式。(2017全国卷)This trend, which was started by

8、the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side_ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.解析：effects此处根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweight and heart disease”可知，应用effect的复数形式。(2017全国卷)In 1863

9、the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible_ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.解析：crowds根据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有不定冠词a，所以用名词的复数形式。(2017全国卷)The ins

10、tructor kept repeating the _ (word)，“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turn left！”解析：words根据后面的举例可知，此处应用word的复数形式。(2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few _ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum she never suspects.解析：daysevery few days表示“每隔几天”，此处应该使用名词的复数形式da

11、ys。(2016全国卷)Recent _(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.解析：studiesRecent是形容词，修饰名词，“Recent _”在句中作主语，根据谓语动词show可知，主语需要用复数形式。不可数名词1常见的不可数名词一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。通常只用作不可数的名词有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, i

12、nformation, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。名师指津word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。2抽象名词的具体化(1)具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success 成功成功的人或事物pleasure乐趣

13、令人感到高兴的人或事物attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美；美丽美丽的人或事物comfort安慰；慰藉令人感到安慰的人或事物danger危险令人感到危险的人或事物delight高兴令人感到高兴的事 failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人感到惊奇的人或事物 shock震惊令人感到震惊的人或事物pride骄傲令人感到骄傲的人或事物Im disappointed that the experiment turned out to be a complete failure again.我很失望，这次试验证明又是一次完全的失败。(2)抽象名词与a/an连用，淡化了

14、抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料都会是一件令人感到欣慰的事。A serious fire broke out in the village.Yes, news came as a shock to me.那个村庄发生了一起严重的大火。是的，这对我来说是一件令人震惊的事情。名词所有格1有生命名词的3种所有格情况构成示例不以s结尾的名词加sMarys email childrens books以s结尾的复数名

15、词加the girls dormitory the teachers reading room以s结尾的单数名词或专有名词加s或our boss office Engelss works2无生命名词的2种所有格(1)通常用of所有格表示The capital of Peru is Lima, which is in the west on the coast.秘鲁的首都是利马，位于西部沿海地区。(2)表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词通常用s所有格表示。Beijings parks北京的公园the factorys output工厂的产量3双重所有格双重所有格的构成形式为：名词of

16、名词的所有格/名词of名词性物主代词。He is a friend of my fathers.他是我父亲的一个朋友。名师指津名词所有格作定语主要表示事物间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等)，而名词作定语则主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。不定冠词的用法及固定搭配1不定冠词的基本用法(1)表示类指，或指某类中的“任何一个”。A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.病毒是一种引发疾病的微生物。(2)表示泛指。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词，因此由不定冠词构成的名词词组往往带有不确定的

17、含义，相当于“a certain”。The story happened in a small town in Victoria.故事发生在维多利亚的一个小镇上。(3)表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。I watch TV for six or seven hours a day.我一天要看六七个小时的电视。(4)表示“每一”，相当于per，用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。Prices start at 13.95 a yard for printed cotton.印花棉布以每码13.95英镑的价格起售。(5)表示“同一，相同”，相当于“the same”。

18、They happen to be of an age and wear clothes of a color.他们碰巧同龄而且穿着同样颜色的衣服。2不定冠词用于固定搭配中as a result因此，结果 as a rule通常as a whole大体上 as a matter of fact事实上at a loss不知所措 in a hurry匆忙 in a word总之 in a sense在某种意义上 in a way在某种程度上 in a short while不久keep an eye on照看，留意 pay a visit to拜访put an end to结束 once in a

19、 while偶尔once upon a time从前 all of a sudden突然be on a diet节食 have a gift for在某方面有天赋have/catch a cold感冒 make a living谋生have/take a rest休息 give sb. a lift让某人搭便车命题点感悟 单句语法填空 (2017浙江11月高考)Like many things in life, its _ ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that theres enough room for impro

20、vement.解析：anprocess为可数名词，表示“过程”，此处为泛指，又因空格处后面有一个限定词ongoing，其发音以元音音素开头，故应填不定冠词an。(2017浙江6月高考)For Pahlsson, its return was _wonder.解析：awonder为可数名词，表示“奇迹，奇事”，此处为泛指，故要用不定冠词a。(2017全国卷) When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. As _ result, people will eat mor

21、e food to try to make up for that something missing.解析：aas a result为固定搭配，意为“结果”。(2017全国卷)Instead, she is earning 6,500 a day as _ model in New York.解析：a此处意为“作为纽约的一名模特”，在单数可数名词model前应该使用不定冠词a，表示“一，一名”。(2017全国卷)They live far from the school, and it takes them about _ hour and a half to go to work ever

22、y day.解析：anhour的读音以元音音素开头，且是可数名词，所以填an。(2016全国卷)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for _ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.解析：afor a while为固定搭配，意为“一会儿”。(2015浙江高考)On the right side of the class was the road.I was always interested to see the drivers in _ hurry in the mo

23、rning.解析：ain a hurry“匆匆忙忙”，为固定短语。定冠词the的用法及固定搭配1定冠词the的用法(1)表示特指的人或物，或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物，或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物。Do you know the man standing at the gate of the door?你认识那个站在门口的人吗？(2)用在世界上独一无二的名词前。The earth goes around the sun.地球围绕太阳转。(3)用于序数词、形容词的最高级前。Is this the first time you have visited Qingdao?这是你第一次游览青

24、岛吗？China is one of the richest countries in natural resources in the world.在自然资源方面，中国是世界上最富有的国家之一。(4)用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妻俩；或用于形容词/分词前，表示一类人或物。the wounded 伤员the rich 富人(5)用在逢十的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。in the 1990s在20世纪90年代(6)用在“bythe单位计量词”中。I hired the car by the hour.我按小时租车。(7)用在表示身体部位的名词前，表示“打、抓住某人身体的某个部

25、位”。The police caught the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。(8)与形容词或副词的比较级连用，一般用于以下两种情况： 用于“the比较级.，the比较级.”结构中，表示“越越”之意。The more we do for the people, the happier well be.我们为人民做得越多就越幸福。用在“the比较级of the two”结构中，表示“两个中较的一个”。She is the taller of the two girls.她是两个女孩子中个子较高的那一个。2定冠词the用于固定搭配中make the most/best

26、of充分利用 in the end最后by the way顺便说一下 in the distance在远处in the way挡道 on the whole总的来说at the same time同时 on the other hand另一方面 to tell the truth说实话 for the time being暂时 on the spot在现场 not in the least一点也不the other day前几天 take the place of代替at the moment此刻，目前 to the point中肯，切题in the middle of在中间 all the

27、best一切顺利命题点感悟 单句语法填空(2018全国卷)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.解析：the此处特指过去的25年，故用the。(2018全国卷)Unexpectedly, Im facetoface with the gorilla, who begins screaming at _ top of her lungs.解析：theat the top of ones lungs为固定搭配，意为“尽量大

28、声地，声嘶力竭地”。(2017全国卷)I still remember how hard _ first day was.解析：the/my表示第几天，序数词前要加定冠词the或者用限定词进行修饰。(2017全国卷)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over _ top.解析：thetop是名词，前面要用冠词，此处特指在(地铁的)顶部建造一个结实的顶，所以用定冠词the。(2016浙江高考)Every time he arrived home at _ end

29、of the day, wed greet him at the door.解析：theat the end of“在结束时”，为固定搭配。(2016全国卷)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, _ other is with mum she never suspects.解析：the此处表示双胞胎大熊猫中的另一只，两者之间的“另一个”应该使用the other。(2016全国卷)But in that case, we will learn little about _ world.解析：the此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。(2015全国卷)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even_ most modern of architects and engineers.解析：the在形容词最高级的前面用定冠词the。零冠词的用法及固定搭配1零冠词的用法(1)专有名词、物质名词、抽