考试作业翻译.docx

1、考试作业翻译 我将第一课和作业部分的做成了英汉对照版，大家参考。第一课Civil engineering，the oldest of the engineering specialties，木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科is the planning，design，construcion，and management of the built environment. 是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles,from irrigat

2、ion and drainage systems to rocke-launching facilities. 此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。Civil engineers木工程师build roads, bridges,tunnels,dams,harbors,power plants,water and sewage systems,hospitals schools,mass transit,and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population

3、concentrations.建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。They also build privately owned facilities such as airports,railroads,pipelines, skyscrapers,and other large stuctures designed for industrial,commercial,or residential use. 他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构

4、。In addition, Civil engineers plan,design,and build complete cities and towns,and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”

5、。 In 1782,Englishman Johe Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. 在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。 Since then,the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to refer

6、 to engineers who build puild public facilities,although the field is much broader. 自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。Scope.领域。Because it is so broad,civil engineering is subdiuided into a number of technical specialties. 因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。 Depending on the type of proiect,the skill

7、s of many kings of civil engineer specialists may be needed. 不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。When a project begins,the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement water,sewer,and power lines. 个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。 Geotechnical specialists perform soil

8、experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。.Environmental specialists study the projects impact on the local area: the potential for air and groundwater pollution,the projects impact on local animal and plant life,and how the project can be de

9、signed to meet government requirements aimed at protecting the environment. 环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。 Transportation specialists determine what kind of facilities are needed to ease the burden on local roads and other transportation networks that will result

10、 from the completed project. 交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。Meanwhile,structural specialists use preliminary date to make detailed designs,plans,and specifications for the project. 同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。Supervising and coordinating the work of these civil engineer specialists,fr

11、om beginning to end of the project,are the construction management specialists. 从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。Based on information supplied by the other specialists,construction management civil engineers estimate quantities and costs of materials and labor,schedule all work,order materials

12、and equipment for the job,hire contractors and subcontractors,and perform other supervisory work to ensure the project is completed on time and as specified. 根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。Throughout any given project. 贯穿任何给定项目，Civil enginee

13、rs make extensive use of computers. 土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机.Computers are used to design the projects various elements （computer-aided design,or CAD）and to manage it. 计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。Computers are a necessity for the modern civil engineers because they permit the engineer to efficie

14、ntly handle the large quantities of data needed in determining the best way to construct a project. 计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。Structural engineering. 结构工程学 In this speciality civil engineers plan and design structures of all types ,including bridges, dams, power plants,

15、supports for equipment ,special structures for offshore projects, the United States space program, transmission towers, giant astronomical and radio telescopes ,and many other kinds of projects. 在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。Using computers, s

16、tructural engineers determine the forces a structure must resist: its own weight, wind and hurricane forces, temperature changes that expand or contract construction materials, and earthquakes. 结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。They also determine the combination of appropriate

17、 materials, steel, concrete, plastic, stone, asphalt, brick, aluminum, or other construction materials. 他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。Water resources engineering. 水利工程学。Civil engineers in this specialty deal with all aspects of the physical control of water. 土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问

18、题。Their projects help prevent floods, supply water for cities and for irrigation, manage and control rivers and water runoff, and maintain beaches and other waterfront facilities. 他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。In addition, they design and maintain harbors, eanals, and locks, bui

19、ld huge hydroelectric dams and smaller dams and water impoundments of all kinds, help design offshore structures, and determine the location of structures affecting navigation. 此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。Geotechnical engineering.岩土工程学Civil engineers who speciali

20、ze in this field analyze the properties of soils and rocks that support structures and affect structural behavior.专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析.They evaluate and work to minimize the potential settlement of buildings and other structures that stems from the pressure of their weight on the e

21、arth. 他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。These engineers also evaluate and determine how to strengthen the stability of slopes and fills and how to protect structures against earthquakes and the effects of groundwater他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。.Environmental engineering. 环境工程学In t

22、his branch of engineering, civil engineers design, build, and supervise systems to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollution of water supplies, both on the surface and underground. 在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染They also design, build, and supervise pr

23、ojects to control or eliminate pollution of the land and air. These engineers build water and waste water treatment plants, and design air scrubbers and other devices to minimize or eliminate air pollution caused by industrial processes, incineration, or other smoke producing activities. 他们也设计，建造并监视

24、工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。 They also work to control toxic and hazardous wastes through the construction of special dump sites or the neutralizing of toxic and hazardous substances他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物. Inaddition ,the engineers desi

25、gn and manage sanitary landfills to prevent pollution of surrounding land. 此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。Transportation engineering. 交通工程学。Civil engineers working in this specialty build facilities to ensure safe and efficient movement of both people and goods. 从事这一专业领域的土木工程师建造可以确保人和货物安全高效运行的设施。T

26、hey specialize in designing and maintaining all types of transportation facilities, highways and streets, mass transit systems, railroads and airfields, ports and harbors. 他们专门研究各种类型运输设施的设计和维护，如公路和街道，公共交通系统，铁路和飞机场，港口和海港。Transportation engineers applpy technological knowledge as well as consideration

27、 of the eoonomic, pontical, and social factors in designing each project. 交通工程师应用技术知识及考虑经济，政治和社会因素来设计每一个项目。They work closely with urban planners, since the quality of the community is directily related to the quality of the transportation system. 他们的工作和城市规划者十分相似，因为交通运输系统的质量直接关系到社区的质量。Pipeline engine

28、ering. 渠道工程学。In this branch of civil engineering, engineers build pipelines and related facilities which transport liquids, gases, or solids ranging from coal slurries (mixed coal and water)and semiliquid wastes, to water, oil, and various types of highly combustible and noncombustible gases. 在土木工程学

29、的这一支链中，土木工程师建造渠道和运送从煤泥浆(混合的煤和水)和半流体废污，到水、石油和多种类型的高度可燃和不可燃的气体中分离出来的液体，气体和固体的相关设备The engineers determine pipeline design, the economic and environmental impact of a project on regions it must traverse,the type of materials to be used-steel, concrete, plastic,or combinations of various materials-instal

30、lation techniques, methods for testing plpeline strength, and controls for maintaining proper pressure and rate of flow of materials being transported. 工程师决定渠道的设计，项目所处地区必须考虑到的经济性和环境因素，以及所使用材料的类型钢、混凝土、塑料、或多种材料的复合的安装技术，测试渠道强度的方法，和控制所运送流体材料保持适当的压力和流速。When hazardous materials are being carried, safety i

31、s a major consideration as well. 当流体中携带危险材料时，安全性因素也需要被考虑。 Construction engineering.建筑工程学Civil engineers in this field oversee the construction of a project from beginning to end。土木工程师在这个领域中从开始到结束监督项目的建筑。 Sometimes called project engineers, they apply both technical and managerial skills, including k

32、nowledge of construction methods, planning, organizing, financing, and operating construction projects. 他们，有时被称为项目工程师，应用技术和管理技能，包括建筑工艺，规划，组织，财务，和操作项目建设的知识。They coordinate the activities of virtually everyone engaged in the work: the surveyors; workers who lay out and construct the temporary roads an

33、d ramps, excavate for the foundation, build the forms and pour the concrete ; and workers who build the steel framework. 事实上，他们协调工程中每个人的活动：测量员，布置和建造临时道路和斜坡，开挖基础，支模板和浇注混凝土的工人，以及钢筋工人。These engineers also make regular progress reports to the owners of the structure. 这些工程师也向结构的业主提供进度计划报告。 Community and urban planning. 社区和城市规划。Those engaged in this area of ci