1、第三讲阅读理解猜词义授课类型S(阅读猜词义)s( shelf-check)S(完形填空技巧)授课日期及时段2016/5/22 周日10:00-12:00教学目的教学内容【高考英语冲刺】阅读理解猜词义的方法一、类属法即通过类属来推测词义。如:Bananas, oranges, pineapples, coconuts and some other kinds of fruit grow in warm areas.说明:从句意我们知道 pineapples 和 coconuts 与 bananas, oranges是同类事物,同属水果(准确地说是“菠萝”和“椰子”)。二、推理法即根据文章的前后语
2、境推出生词的词义。如:That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.说明:既然一天之内看不完所有的展品,那么 immense 的意思应该是“很大”了。Everyone agreed that the woman in the photo was gorgeous. It was easy to see why she had won the beauty contest.说明:既然“她在选美比赛中获胜”,说明她“很美丽”(gorgeous)。三、列举法即通过对文章所
3、列举的事物来猜测生词的词义。如:Children like such creatures as dogs and monkeys.说明:像 dogs 和 monkeys 之类的 “creatures”,显然creatures 的意思应是“动物”。In your spare time, you may look through any of these periodicals: Time Magazine, News Week, or The New Worker.说明:periodical 是生词,但根据其后所列举的例子,我们可以推测出它的意思可能是“期刊”或“杂志”。四、构词法即根据前缀、后
4、缀、复合、派生等构词知识判断生词的词义。如:Overwork may cause diseases.说明:前缀 over- 的意思是“过分的,过量的”,故 overwork 的意思应为“工作过度”。There was a dissatisfied look in the managers eyes.说明:satisfied 的意思是“满意的”,前缀 dis- 的意思是“不”,故 dissatisfied 的意思应该是“不满意的”。五、对比法即根据文章前后的对比关系确定生词的词义。如:He had been getting better, but during the night his con
5、dition deteriorated .说明:句中的 but 表明 deteriorate 应该与 get better 的意思相反,即“恶化”。In many countries there are two financial extremes, from penury to great wealth.说明:上文说两个经济上的极端,那么下文中 penury 应与 great wealth 相对,即表示“贫困”。Mrs. Smith is loquacious while her husband is the silent type.说明:while 表对比,意为“而”,所以 loquaci
6、ous 应是 silent 的反义,即“多嘴的”。If you agree, draw a circle; and a cross if you dissent.说明:既然画圈表示同意,那么画叉便是“不同意”(dissent)。六、同位法同位语是对所修饰词语的进一步说明和解释,若对所修饰的词语不熟悉,可通过其后同位语的“说明或解释”来确定其词义。如:His father is an expert in phonetics, the study of the sounds of language.说明:同位语 the study of the sounds of language 表示 phon
7、etics 的意思应该是“语音学”。Jean was born with spina bifida, a birth illness that damages the spine(脊骨).说明:同位语 a birth illness that damages the spine 表明了spina bifida 是一种病,一种对脊骨有损害的病。七、释义法即根据文章中所提供的释义关系来确定生词的词义。如:They described him as a loon, or a mad man.说明:句中的or 是对loon的解释,即loon与a mad man 同义,即表示“疯子”。It will b
8、e very hard but also very brittle, that is, it will break easily.说明:句中的 that is 表明 it will break easily 是对 brittle 的解释,从而猜测出其意为“脆”。The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 500 yuan a year.说明:定语从句 who looks after sheep 表明 herdsman 的词义为“牧人”。There are three kinds of snow. One kind is a fluffy s
9、now that is somewhat dry and feathery?说明:定语从句 that is somewhat dry and feathery(有点儿干、像羽毛似的) 表明 fluffy snow 的意思可能是“鹅毛大雪”。八、 常识法即根据普通常识推测生词的词义。如:Its said that Bill Gates is the most affluent person in the world.说明:根据常识,Bill Gates 为世界首富,所以 affluent 可能是“富有的”。As a scientist, Edison is very famous for his
10、 contrivances.说明:根据常识,Edison为发明大王,他应因“发明”而闻名于世。高考英语完形填空高分全攻略完形填空(Cloze)又称综合填空,其命题原理是格式塔心理学。格式塔心理学强调整体感知和对文章从语义上的整体把握。一篇完形填空测试考生的重点和考查初衷,这与短文的空格设计密切相关。如果空格要求学生填入连词、介词、冠词等,则空格为功能性空格;如果要求填入名词、形容词、动词等实义词,则空格为语义空格。从近几年的高考试题看,完形填空以语义空格为主,语法部分的内容已经弱化为对词法的考查。完形填空的空格分为四种类型:词内项、词间项、句内项、句间项, 难度是逐渐上升的。在十五道题中,平均
11、的数量比例是2:3:5:5。相关链接:英语完形填空技巧一、近年高考完形填空题的命题趋势和新题动向1.阅读量逐年提高,阅读时间减少。高考考纲要求完形填空题篇幅为一段约200-250单词的文章,不过自1998年起高考完形填空在词数上(1998年294词)都超过260个单词;2002年高考完形填空题词数为274词,答题时间由原来的18分钟减少为15分钟,这在阅读难度及速度上都对考生提出了更高的要求。2.生词量有增无减。2000年以前的高考完形填空题中除人名、地名和部分注释词外,基本上没有生词;但从 2001年开始出现大量不含汉语注释的生词,如在2001年高考完形中出现的生词:link, MountE
12、verest, Abominable Snowman, occasion, adventure, footprint, prehistory, track等词;在2002年高考完形中的生词更是令考生料想不到的,不到300词的文章中竟多达10个生词,如:intelligence, auto-repair, counter, hammer(用锤子敲打),goddamned, uneasy, try.on sb.(愚弄,戏耍某人),creature等词或词组。这些生词的出现影响了阅读的速度,使学生出现理解偏差或理解困难,从而降低了答题正确率。3.长句增多,句式灵活,结构复杂。近几年高考完形材料在句子
13、上突出了对行文逻辑及理解能力方面的考查,在选材上主要表现为长句、复合句增多、句子结构复杂(定语从句、状语从句、插入语等)、句式丰富多样(陈述句、祈使句、省略句、疑问句、感叹句等),极大地增加了阅读难度,限制了学生的理解程度。如:The native people said they 38 this creature and called it theYeti,and they said that they had 39 caught Yetis on two occasions 40 none has ever been produced as evidence. (NMET2001)I ha
14、d an auto-repair man once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not 38 have scored more than 80. (NMET2002)这就要求考生要善于剖析句子结构,捕捉隐含信息,否则难以正确理解文章内容,进而影响答题正确率。4.题目设置上单纯语法考查减少,上下文联系考查力度加大,并且以同义词、相似词为典型的迷惑选项增多。近几年考纲明确要求加强对考生应用能力的考查,在应用中测试考生运用英语基础知识的能力,这一点在近几年高考完形填空中得到了淋漓尽致的体现。具体体现在文章在题目设置上相似项增多,迷惑选项较强,考生
15、必须通过寻找上下文隐含信息,感受语境,采用直接和排除等技巧才能找出符合题意的最佳选项。5.完形填空的第一句都是完整的句子,并且每篇文章都有一个主题。如果学生能在考试中把握到高考完形填空的这一特点,就能够对文章有初步的了解,树立全局意识,并且对于梳理上下文脉络,抓住文章的主旨也大有裨益。二、完形填空题的解题方法和高分策略巧解完形填空的高分技巧有哪些?知识、能力是解决问题的前提和基础,方法、技巧则是解决问题的关键。考生应该根据老师的指导,结合自己的学习实践,归纳、总结出适合自己的方法、技巧。 一、研读首尾抓主题 一般来说,很多文章会按照总分总的思路来写。首先提出主题,接着对主题进行分析、叙述,最后
16、进行归纳、总结,得出结论或提出建议。因此,一般根据文章的首句及尾句就能抓住文章的主题。但是,主题句不总是在文章的开头,有时在文中,有时在文尾,因此,考生在做题时一方面要快速通读全文,另一方面应注意连接词,如but, however, yet, though, therefore, otherwise等,它们的前面一句或后面一句就有可能是主题句。 考生抓住了主题,就等于掌握了整篇文章,就可根据主题顺藤摸瓜选出正确答案。 二、上下联系寻信息文章中,句与句之间、段与段之间紧密相连、浑然一体。因此,完形填空中经常会出现前面的信息为后面的空白提供暗示,而后面的信息有可能是前面空白的答案的情况。这时,考生
17、切不可死盯空白不放,而要联系上下文,寻求信息以确定答案。 三、左顾右盼找搭配英语中,有些单词词义相近,而句型结构及跟其他词的搭配却截然不同。考生不能单从词义上去辨析,而应审查空白前后的名词、动词、介词或非谓语动词等,比较与各选项的搭配关系,然后确定答案。 四、思前想后觅逻辑逻辑是作者的行文方式,主要包括并列、转折、条件、因果、递进、让步等。它们之间有的通过连接词来表达,关系非常明显;有的隐含在句与句之中,关系比较隐晦。考生应该根据前后信息进行思考,拨开迷雾,准确理解上下文间的逻辑关系。 五、语境分析辨词义词不离句,句不离篇。考生做完形填空时必须从句子的语境出发,根据文章的中心、上下文的意思,确
18、定空白处的意思,然后选出合乎语境的单词。 六、集中精力破难题每篇完形填空20道题,其中有24道题的难度较大,考生可能在短时间内很难确定答案。此时,考生应该在完成全文后,集中精力,对其进行分析、综合,作出决定。必要时,大胆相信第一感觉。 七、回读检查补漏洞 做完之后,再用23分钟的时间将全文联系起来进行回读,查看所填单词或短语是否跟语境相符,是否与逻辑相悖。这样,通过查漏补缺,使答案万无一失,提高得分。二、 四遍法原则考生正确的答题步骤应该是:首先跳过空格通读全文,了解短文的大意及文章的体裁,同时将一眼就看出答案的几道题答出;第二遍是答题的关键,考生应一个个地去推敲,切忌按题号顺序答题,不能确定
19、的先跳过去,先易后难是答题原则;第三遍是通篇考虑,把一些上下文联系很强,甚至牵涉到段与段之间逻辑关系的困难空缺填好;第四遍是检查,做完后再通读一遍全文,从整体把握文章的意思,修正与全文不相称的选项。三、平时的练习方法和提高途径良好的完形填空成绩主要表现在良好的阅读习惯和良好的语法功底,有人说,得阅读者得天下。完形填空也不例外。培养自己良好的阅读习惯应做到:1. 要以意群,语义为单位读,不要逐词逐句地认;2. 要借助视觉扫读,不要手指唇动或无声心读;3. 要从头至尾,一气呵成,不要频繁回读;4. 要直接理解原文,不要逐词逐句地心译;5. 要利用上下文和构词法猜测生词,推测出句意,不要频繁查阅词典
20、;6. 逐步扩大视距,要纵式快速阅读,不要横式赏析细读。高三学生的训练量应保持在一个星期6篇题目,每次完成三篇,时间控制在每篇14分钟之内。做题之后注意总结和彻底查清单词的辨义,同时辅以必要的语法书作查缺补漏之用。1、 Sometimes people call each other scared-cat, but have you ever thought about this expression? When a cat is frightened, its heart starts beating faster, its muscles get tense, and there are
21、changes in the chemicals in its blood stream. Although the cat doesnt 1 this, its body is getting ready for action. If the danger continues, this animal will do one of the two things. It will 2 itself, or it will run away as fast as it can. 3 , when people are excited, angry, scared, or aroused by o
22、ther emotions, our bodies also go through many 4 changes. Our hearts beat faster, and our muscles get tense. All of these changes make us more alert and ready to react. We, too, get ready to defend ourselves 5 run. Human beings, 6 , have a problem that animals never face. If we give way to our feeli
23、ngs and let them 7 , we can get into trouble. Have you ever said something in anger, or hit somebody and regretted it later? Have you ever shouted at a teacher, told someone you were lonely, or said you were in love, and then 8 later you had kept your mouth shut? It isnt always 9 to express your fee
24、lings freely. Does this mean that its smarter always to 10 our feelings? No! If you 11 feelings of anger, sadness, and bitterness hidden away or bottled up inside, your body stays 12 . Physical illnesses can develop. It can actually be 13 for your health. Feelings that you keep all bottled up inside
25、 dont just 14 . Its like you bought some bananas and stuck them in a cupboard. You might not be able to see them, but 15 youd smell them. And if you opened the cupboard, youd 16 little fruit flies hovering (盘旋) all over them. Theyd be rotten. You can try to treat emotions 17 they were bananas in the
26、 cupboard. You can 18 they dont exist, but theyll still be 19 . And at last youll have to 20 them, just like those bananas.1.2. A. save B. help C. hide D. defend3. A. Truly B. Frequently C. Differently D. Similarly4. A. physical B. chemical C. health D. ill5. A. or B. and C. but D. yet6. A. therefor
27、e B. but C. however D. besides7. A. take off B. take on C. take up D. take over8. A. hoped B. wished C. blamed D. shared9. A. useful B. right C. wise D. easy10. A. handle B. hurt C. prevent D. hide11. A. find B. keep C. control D. let12. A. tense B. relaxed C. same D. different13. A. harmful B. good
28、 C. helpful D. useful14. A. go on B. go away C. go up D. go out15. A. long before B. as usual C. right away D. before long16. A. meet B. observe C. see D. catch17. A. just as B. as if C. just after D. even though18. A. expect B. pretend C. decide D. assume19. A. around B. in C. over D. beyond20. A.
29、deal with B. eat up C. throw away D. send out A. mind B. admit C. remember D. Realize1. D2. D3. D4. A5. A6. C7. D8. B9. C10. D11. B12. A13. A14. 15. D16. C17. B18. B19. A20. A1. 此处指尽管猫没有意识到这一点,但是它的身体会发生一系列的变化,准备好了要采取行动。2. 根据下文的We, too, get ready to defend ourselves.可知当猫受到惊吓的时候,它会自卫或跑开。3. 根据下文when pe
30、ople are excited, angry, scared, or aroused by other emotions, our bodies also go through many.可知,和猫一样,人也有类似的变化。4. 根据上文When a cat is frightened, its heart starts beating faster, its muscles get tense, and there are changes in the chemicals in its blood stream. 和下文Our hearts beat faster, and our muscles get tense.可知,当猫受到惊吓的时候,身体会发生一系列的变化。同样,人也是这样的。5. 根据上文.or it will run away as fast as it can.可知,当人受到惊吓的时候也会准备自卫或跑开。6. 根据上下文. have a problem that animals n
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