英语从句.docx

1、英语从句英语从句复杂句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。从句的分类：名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句形容词性从句：通常称为定语从句。副词性从句：通常称为状语从句。包括：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、方式状语从句、比较状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、条件状语从古、让步状语从句。一、名词性从句：在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句（Noun Clauses）。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性

2、从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句1.1 主语从句：作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么还不清楚。如果what-分句本身明显表示复数意义，比如what分句的动词和补语都是复数，那么主句动词也

3、可用复数。What I say and think are none of your business.That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all. 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：It + be + 形容词+ that从句It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is true that th

4、e sun is bigger than the earth。Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.1.2 宾语从句：名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，例如：He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.2.用who, wh

5、om, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。I want to know what he has told you. 1.3 表语从句：在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语+ 系动词+ that从句。The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。This

6、is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning.常见的系动词： be动词（am，is，are），感官动词（feel，look，smell，sound，taste，seem），“变得”（get，become，turn，grow），“保持

7、”（keep，stay）1.4 同位语从句：同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。The thought came to him that Mary had probab

8、ly fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。二、定语从句(初级篇)：2.1定语从句，一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后进行修饰限定，就叫做定语从句。被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它通常只能放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。定语从句由关系词（关系代词、关系副词）引导，关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。关系代词包括：that、which、who、whom、whose。关系副词在句中作状语。关系副词包括：when、where

9、、why2.2定语从句=先行词+关系词+从句先行词：指被定语从句修饰的名词、代词或句子。一般先行词出现在定语从句的前面。关系词：关系词常有3个作用：1.连接作用，连接主句和定语从句。 2.指代先行词。 3.在定语从句中担当成分。2.3关系代词：2.3.1 that(在从句中做主语或宾语)This is the desk that I borrow from my sister。 This is the desk I borrow the desk from my sister.The man that stands near Lucy comes from America.The man co

10、mes from America. the man stands near Lucy.2.3.2 Which（在从句中做主语或宾语）A prosperity which had never been seen before appears in the countryside。A prosperity had never been seen before. A prosperity appears in the countryside. The package which you are carrying is very beautiful. The package is very beaut

11、iful You are carrying the package.2.3.3 Who (在从句中做主语或宾语)Is he the man who wants to see you?Is he the man? The man wants to see you.2.3.4 Whom（在从句中做宾语）Is he the man whom you want to see ?Is he the man? You want to see the man. 2.3.5 Whose (在从句中做定语,翻译为谁的)Please pass me the book whose cover is green.Th

12、ey rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down2.4 关系副词：2.4.1 When (在从句中做时间状语,翻译为那时候)There comes a time when you have to make a choice.There comes a time you have to make a choice.I want to read this book in the morning when our memory is pretty good. I want to read this book in the morning

13、 our memory is pretty good.2.4.2 where(在从句中做地点状语,翻译为在那里)Dawan high school is a good school where I spend three years on study.Qingbaijiang is the place where I was born.2.4.3Why（在从句中做原因状语通常先行词是reason、explanation，翻译成为什么）We dont know the reason why he dosent come to school。She didnt tell me the reason

14、 why she refused the offer.定语从句（高级篇）一、限定性定语从句、非限定性定语从句： 限定性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用，使该词的含义更具体，更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略，否则句意就不完整The book (that/ which) I am reading is very interesting. 非限制性定语从句的作用是：不直接修饰先行词，只为先行词提供一些补充的信息，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。在非限制性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开I made a card for mom, who loves me most.My hometown is Beij

15、ing, which is the capital of China.非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没理解我的意思，这使我心烦。在非限定定语从句中，有时as也可用作关系代词，若as在从句中作主语，其引导的句子可以放在句首，也可以放在句中。例如：The boy has as much progress as we had expected. As everyone knows ,China is a beautiful country with a long history . 非限制性定语从句引导词：which、who、whom、whose、when、where、as（注意没有that）My hometown is Beijing, which is the capital of China.My gardener，who is very pessimistic，says that there will be no apples this year.Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in ParisThe boy, wh