心理学专有名词中英对照表.docx

1、心理学专有名词中英对照表心理學專有名詞中英對照表ch.1心理動力-psycho-dynamics 心理分析-psychoanalysis行為論-behaviorism 心理生物觀-psycho-biological perspective認知-cognition 臨床心理學家-clinical psychologist諮商-counseling 人因工程-human factor engineering組織-organization 潛意識-unconsciousness完形心理學-Gestalt psychology 感覺-sensation知覺-perception 實驗法-experim

2、ental method獨變項-independent variable 依變項-dependent V.控制變項-control V. 生理-physiology條件化-conditioning 學習-learning比較心理學-comparative psy. 發展-development社會心理學-social psy. 人格-personality心理計量學psychometrics 受試(者)-subject實驗者預期效應experimenter expectancy effect雙盲法-doubleblind 實地實驗-field experiment相關-correlation

3、調查-survey訪談-interview 個案研究-case study觀察-observation 心理測驗-psychological testch.5紋理遞變度-texture gradient 注意-attention物體的組群-grouping of object 型態辨識pattern recognition形象-背景-figure-ground 接近律-proximity相似律-similarity 閉合律-closure連續律-continuity 對稱律-symmetry錯覺-illusion 幻覺-delusion恆常性-constancy 大小-size形狀-shape

4、 位置- location單眼線索-monocular cue 線性透視-linear- perspective雙眼線索-binocular cue 深度-depth調節作用-accommodation 重疊-superposition雙眼融合-binocular fusion 輻輳作用-convergence雙眼像差-binocular disparity 向度 - dimension自動效應-autokinetic effect 運動視差- motion parallax誘發運動- induced motion 閃光運動- stroboscopic motion上下文脈絡-context

5、人工智慧-artificial intelligence A.I.脈絡關係作用-context effect 模板匹配-template matching 整合分析法-analysis-by-synthesis 豐富性-redundancy選擇性-selective 無意識的推論-unconscious inferences運動後效-motion aftereffect 特徵偵測器feature detector激發性-excitatory 抑制性-inhibitory幾何子-geons 由上而下處理up-down process由下而上處理-bottom-up process 連結者模式-c

6、onnectionist model聯結失識症-associative agnosia 臉孔辨識困難症-prosopagnosiach.6意識意識-conscious（ness） 意識改變狀態-altered states of consciousness 無潛意識-unconsciousness 前意識-preconsciousness 內省法-introspection 邊緣注意-peripheral attention 午餐排隊(雞尾酒會)效應lunch line(cocktail party) effect多重人格-multiple personality 自動化歷程-automati

7、c process解離-dissociate 解離認同失常-dissociative identity disorder快速眼動睡眠-REM dream 非快速眼動睡眠NREM dream神志清醒的夢-lucid dreaming 失眠-insomnia顯性與隱性夢-manifest & latern content 心理活動性psychoactive 冥想-meditation 抗藥性 tolerance 戒斷 withdrawal感覺剝奪-sensory deprivation 物質濫用-substance abuse成癮-physical addiction 物質依賴-sub. depe

8、ndence戒斷癥狀-withdrawal symptom 興奮劑-stimulant幻覺（迷幻）劑-hallucinogen 鎮定劑-sedative抑制劑-depressant 酒精中毒引起譫妄delirium tremens 麻醉劑-narcotic 催眠-hypnosis 催眠後暗示-posthypnotic suggestion 催眠後失憶 posthypnotic amnesia超心理學-parapsychology 超感知覺extrasensory perception ESP心電感應-telepathy 超感視-clairvoyance 預知-precognition心理動力p

9、sycokinesis PKch.4.感覺受納器-receptor 絕對閾-absolute threshold差異閾-difference threshold 恰辨差- -JND韋伯律-Webers law 心理物理-psychophysical費雪納定律-Fechners law 頻率-frequency振幅-amplitude 音頻-pitch 基音-fundamental tone 倍音-overtone 和諧音-harmonic 音色-timbre白色噪音-white noise 鼓膜-eardrum耳蝸-cochlea 卵形窗oval window圓形窗-round window

10、前庭-vestibular sacs半規管-semicircular canals 角膜-cornea水晶體-lens 虹膜-iris 瞳孔-pupil 網膜-retina睫狀肌-ciliary muscle 調節作用-accommodationch.2.生物架構脊髓-spinal cord 反射弧-reflex arc腦幹-brain stem 電腦軸性線斷層掃描- CAT 或CTPET-正子放射斷層攝影 MRI-磁共振顯影延腦-medulla 橋腦-pons 小腦-cerebellum網狀結構-reticular formation RAS-網狀活化系統視丘-thalamus 下視丘-hy

11、pothalamus 大腦-cerebrum 腦（下）垂體（腺）pituitary gland 腦半球-cerebral hemisphere 皮質-cortex 胼胝體-corpus callosum 邊緣系統-limbic system 海馬體-hippocampus 杏仁核-amygdala 中央溝-central fissure 側溝-lateral fissure 腦葉-lobe 同卵雙生子-identical twins 異卵雙生子fraternal twinsch.7制約與學習古典制約-classical conditioning 操作制約-operant conditionin

12、g非制約刺激(US )unconditioned stimulus非制約反應(UR)unconditioned R.制約刺激-(CS) conditioned S. 制約反應-(CR)conditioned R.習(獲)得-acquisition 增強作用-reinforcement消除(弱)-extinction 自(發性)然恢復-spontaneous recovery前行制約forward conditioning 同時制約-simultaneous conditioning回溯制約-backward cond. 痕跡制約trace conditioning延宕制約delay condi

13、tioning 類化(梯度)-generalization (gradient)區辨-discrimination (次級)增強物-(secondary) reinforcer嫌惡刺激-aversive stimulus 試誤學習-trial and error learning效果率-law of effect 正(負)性增強物positive (negative) rei. 行為塑造behavior shaping 循序漸進-successive approximation自行塑造autoshaping 部分(連續)增強partial (continuous)R定比(時)時制fixed r

14、atio (interval) schedule FR或FI變化比率(時距)時制variable ratio (interval) schedule VR或VI逃離反應-escape R. 迴避反應avoidance response習得無助-learned helplessness 頓悟-insight學習心向learning set 隱內(潛在)學習-latent learning認知地圖-cognitive map 生理回饋-biofeedback敏感遞減法-systematic desensitization 普里邁克原則Premacks principle洪水法-flooding 觀

15、察學習-observational learning動物行為學-ethology 敏感化sensitization習慣化-habituation 聯結-association 認知學習-cognitional L. 觀察學習-observational L.CH.7記憶登錄編碼-encoding 保留儲存-retention提取-retrieval 回憶-(free )recall 全現心像照相式記憶-eidetic imageryphotographic memory . 舌尖現象（TOT）tip of tongue 再認-recognition再學習-relearning 節省分數-sav

16、ings外顯與內隱記憶-explicit & implicit memory 記憶廣度-memory span組集-chunk 序列位置效應-serial position effect 起始效應-primacy effect 新近效應-recency effect 心(情)境依賴學習-state-dependent L. 無意義音節nonsense syllable 順向干擾-proactive interference 逆向干擾-retroactive interference閃光燈記憶-flashbulb memory 動機性遺忘-motivated forgetting器質性失憶症or

17、ganic amnesia 阿茲海默症-Alzheimer”s disease近事（順向）失憶症anterograde amnesia舊事（逆向）失憶retrograde A.高沙可夫症候群korsakoff”s syndrome 凝固理論consolidation th.感覺記憶（SM）sensory memory 短期記憶（STM）short-term M.長期記憶（LTM）long-term memory 複誦-rehearsal預示(激發)-priming 童年失憶症-childhood amnesia視覺編碼（表徵）-visual code (representation) 聽覺編碼

18、acoustic code運作記憶-working memory 語意性知識semantic knowledge記憶掃瞄程序memory scanning procedure竭盡式掃瞄程序-exhaustive S.P.自我終止式掃瞄self-terminated S. .程序性知識procedural knowledge命題（陳述）性知識-propositional（declarative）knowledge情節（軼事）性知識episodic K. 訊息處理深度depth of processing精緻化處理elaboration 登錄特殊性coding specificity記憶術mnem

19、onic 位置記憶法method of loci字鉤法peg word （線）探索（測）(激發)字prime關鍵字-key word ch.9思考與語言命題思考-propositional thought 心像思考-imaginal thought行動思考-motoric thought 概念-concept原型-prototype 屬性-property 特徵-feature範例策略-exemplar strategy 語言相對性（假說）linguistic relativity th.音素-phoneme 詞素-morpheme (字詞的)外延與內涵意義denotative & conno

20、tative meaning （句子的）表層與深層結構surface & deep structure語意分析法-semantic differential 全句語言holophrastic speech 過度延伸-over-extension 電報式語言telegraphic speech 關鍵期-critical period 差異減縮法-difference reduction方法目的分析-means-ends analysis 倒推-working backwardch.10動機動機-motive 自由意志-free will決定論-determinism 本能-instinct種屬特

21、有行為-species specific 驅力-drive誘因-incentive 驅力減低說-drive reduction th.恆定狀態（作用）homeostasis 原級與次級動機primary & secondary M.功能獨立functional autonomy 下視丘側部（LH）lateral hypothalamus脂肪細胞說-fat-cell theory. 下視丘腹中部（VMH）ventromedial H定點論-set point th. CCK膽囊調節激素第一性徵-primary sex characteristic第二性徵-secondary sex charac

22、teristic自我效能期望self-efficiency expectancy內在（發）動機intrinsic motive 外在（衍）動機extrinsic motive成就需求-N. achievement 需求層級hierarchy of needs 自我實現-self actualization 衝突-conflictch.11情緒多項儀-polygraph 膚電反應-GSR(認知)評估-(cognitive appraisal) 臉部回饋假說-facial feedback hypothesis(生理)激發-arousal 挫折-攻擊假說-frustration-aggressio

23、n hy.替代學習-vicarious learning ch.3 發展發展-development 先天-nature 後天-nurture成熟-maturation (視覺)偏好法-preferential method習慣法-habituation 視覺懸崖-visual cliff剝奪或豐富(環境)-deprivation or enrichment of env. 基模-schema同化-assimilation 調適-accommodation 平衡-equilibrium感覺動作期-sensorimotor stage 物體永久性-objective permanence運思前期

24、-preoperational st. 保留概念-conservation道德現實主義-moral realism 具體運思期-concrete operational形式運思期-formal operational st. 前俗例道德-pre-conventional moral俗例道德-conventional moral 超俗例道德-post-conventional moral氣質-temperament 依附-attachment 性別認定-gender identity性別配合-sex typing 性蕾期-phallic stage 戀親衝突Oedipal conflict認同-identification 社會學習-social learning 情結-complex性別恆定-gender constancy 青年期-adolescence 青春期- -puberty第二性徵-secondary sex characteristics 認同危機-identity crisis定向統合-identity achievement 早閉型統合-foreclosure未定型統合-moratorium 迷失型統合-identity diffusion傳承-generativity