1、路公路外文翻译附 录外文资料 The road (highway)The road is one kind of linear construction used for travel. It is made of the roadbed, the road surface, the bridge, the culvert and the tunnel. In addition, it also has the crossing of lines, the protective project and the traffic engineering and the route facility
2、.The roadbed is the base of road surface, road shoulder, side slope, side ditch foundations. It is stone material structure, which is designed according to routes plane position .The roadbed, as the base of travel, must guarantee that it has the enough intensity and the stability that can prevent th
3、e water and other natural disaster from corroding.The road surface is the surface of road. It is single or complex structure built with mixture. The road surface require being smooth, having enough intensity, good stability and anti-slippery function. The quality of road surface directly affects the
4、 safe, comfort and the traffic.The route marking is one kind of traffic safety facility painted by oil paint or made by the concrete and tiles on high-level, less high-type surface. Its function is coordinating the sign to make the effective control to the transportation, directing the vehicles skip
5、 road travel, serving unimpeded and the safe purpose. Our countrys road route marking has the lane median line, the traffic lane boundary, the curb line, the parking line, the conduction current belt, the pedestrian crossing line, the four corners center circle, the parking azimuth line. The route m
6、arking has the continual solid line, the broken line and the arrow indicator and its color uses the white or the yellow.The arch of bridge is the structure which strides over rivers, mountain valley and channel. It is made generally by steel rod, concrete and stone. The tunnel is the cave which conn
7、ects both sides of the road. The technique of this construction is very complex, the cost of the projects is higher than common road .However, it reduces the driving distance between two places, enhances the grade of the technical in building the road and guarantees the cars can drive fast and safel
8、y, thus reduces the cost of transportation.The protective project is to protect and consolidate the roadbed in order that it can guarantee the intensity and the stability of the road, thus maintains the automobile to pass through safely.In order to guarantee that safe operation of the highway transp
9、ortation, besides the highway engineering and the vehicles performance, it must have some traffic signal, route marking, each kind of director and demonstrate facility. The highway marking uses certain mark and draw symbol, simple words and number, then installs in the suitable place to indicate the
10、 front roads condition or the accident condition including the informational sign, the warning signal, the prohibitory sign, the road sign and so on.The road which Join city, village and industry, mainly are used for the automobile and has certain technical standard and the facility path can be call
11、ed the highway. “The highway” in Chinese is the modern view, but it was not existed in old day. It gets the name from the meaning of being used for the public traffic. Where are the human, there are the road. It is a truth. However, the road is not the highway. If we talk the history about the road,
12、 the earliest highway is that built by the old Egyptians for making the pyramid. Next is the street which built by the Babylon people about 4000 years ago. All these are much earlier than our country.About 500 B.C., the Persian Empire road has linked up East and West, and connected the road to China
13、. It is the earliest and longest Silk Road. 2500 years ago, it might be the greatest road .The ancient Rome Empires road was once celebrated; it took Rome as the center, all around built 29 roads. Therefore it came out one common saying: every road leads to Rome.The roads construction is the process
14、 to enhance technique and renew the building materials. The earliest is the old road, it is easy to build but it is also to destroy. If there is too much water or cars, it will be uneven and even be destroyed. The macadam road appeared in the Europe which outbalanced the earliest mud road. Then the
15、brick road appeared which was earlier than China. It was one great breach that we molded bitumen on the macadam road. From ancient times to the present, China has courier station and courier road, while the first more advance road was the one that from Long Zhou in Gang Xi to Zhen Nan Guan in 1906.
16、The difference between Road and pathThe path is the project for each kind of vehicles and people to pass through. According to its function, we can divide it into the urban road, the road, the factories and mines path, the forest road and county road.The classification of roadFirst, according to adm
17、inistrative rank, it includes national highway, province road, county road and the special road. Generally the national highway and province road are named main line; the county road is named branch line. The national road is the main line and has political and economy significance, including the im
18、portant national defense road and the road collecting our capital with other provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities. It is also the road links the economy center, seaport hinge, factory and important strategic place. The highway striding over different provinces are built, protected and ma
19、naged by the special organizations which are approved by the ministry of communications. The provincial road is the main line built, protected, managed by the road manage department .It is full of political and economic sense to the whole province. The single way four levels of roads can adapt below
20、 each day and night medium-duty truck volume of traffic 200.The county route is refers to has county-wide (county-level city) politics,the econom-icsignificance, connects in the county and the county the main township (town), the prin-cipal commodities production and the collection and distribution
21、center road, as well as does not belong to the federal highway, provincial roads county border the road. The coun-ty route by the county, the city road Department responsible for the work is responsibleto construct, the maintenance and the management. The township road refers to mainly the road whic
22、h for the township (town) the villa-geeconomy,the culture, the administration serves, as well as does not belong to above t-hecounty route between roads township and the township and the township and the exte-rior contact road. Township is responsible by the peoples government to construct, the m-ai
23、ntenance and the management. The special-purpose road is refers to feeds specially or mainly supplies the factories andmines,the forest region, the farm, the oil field, the tourist area, the military importantplace and so on and the external relations road. The special-purpose road is responsibleby
24、the special-purpose unit to construct, the maintenance and the management. May also entrust the local road department to construct, the maintenance and the management.Second, according to the use duty, the function and adapts the volume of traffic division.According to our country present Highway en
25、gineering Technical standard the roadaccording to the use duty, the function and the adaptation volume of tra-fficdivides into highway,arterial road, second-class road, tertiary highway, four level of road five ranks:1st, the highway to feed specially the automobile and should control the difference
26、 c-ompletely respectively toward the dividing strip on roads travel the multiple highway. The four traffic lane highways ought to be able to adapt each kind of automobile reduce passenger vehicles year mean diurnal volume of traffic 2500055000. The six traffic lane highways ought to be able to adapt
27、 each kind of automobile reduce passenger vehicles year mean diurnal volume of traffic 4500080000.The eight traffic lane highways ought to be able to adapt each kind of automobile r-educe passenger vehicles year mean diurnal volume of traffic 60000100000.2nd, the arterial road to supply the automobi
28、le and may according to need to control the difference respectively toward the dividing strip on roads travel the multiple highway. The four traffic lane arterial roads ought to be able to adapt each kind of automobil reduce passenger vehicles year mean diurnal volume of traffic 1500030000. The six
29、traffic lane arterial roads ought to be able to adapt each kind of automobile reduce passenger vehicles year mean diurnal volume of traffic 2500055000.3rd, the second-class road to supply the automobile travel the two-lane highway.Can adapt each day and nights 30007500 medium-duty truck volume of tr
30、affic generally. 4rd, tertiary highways to mainly supply the automobile travel the two-lane highway. Can adapt each day and nights 10004000 medium-duty truck volume of traffic generally.The 5, four levels of roads to mainly supply the automobile travel the two-lane or the single-lane highway. The tw
31、o-lane four levels of roads can adapt below each day and night medium-duty truck volume of traffic 1500. Highway engineering includes Highway planning location design and maintenance. Before the design and construction of a new highway or highway improvement can be undertaken there mint be general p
32、laning and consideration of financing As part of general planning it is decided what the traffic need of the rea will be for a considerable period, generally 20 years, and what construction will meet those needs. To assess traffic needs the highway engineer collects and analyzes information about the physical features of existing facilities, the volume, distribution, and character of present traffic, and the changes to be expected in these factor. The highway engineer must determine the most suitable location layout, and capacity of the new route and structures. Frequently, a preliminary l
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