电梯基础知识2电梯曳引机.docx

1、电梯基础知识2电梯曳引机2 电梯曳引机Traction machine曳引机是电梯的动力源（又称主机），通常由电动机、制动器、减速机和底座组成；是靠曳引钢丝绳与曳引轮的摩擦来实现轿厢运行的驱动机。曳引机又以电动机与曳引轮之间有无减速机区分为有齿轮曳引机和无齿轮曳引机两种。As power provider for lift, traction machine, also called main machine, is composed of motor, brake, geared machine and seat. It is a drive to make car move by mean

2、s of the friction between traction rope and sheave. According to whether the geared machine is provided or not, it is classified into geared and gearless types.2-1有齿轮曳引机Geared traction machine有齿轮曳引机广泛用于运行速度v2.0m/s的各种货梯、客梯、杂物梯。为了减小曳引机运行时的噪音和提高平稳性，一般采用蜗轮副作减速传动装置。这种曳引机主要由曳引电动机、蜗轮、蜗杆、制动器、曳引绳轮、机座等构成，其外形如

3、图2-1。Geared traction machineis widely used in cargo lift, passenger lift and service lift with speed of not more than 2.0m/s. To reduce working noise and enhance stability, worm gear is normally used as geared drive. Such machine is composed of motor, worm, gear, brake, rope and seat, as shown is fi

4、gure 2-1.电梯的载荷、运行速度等主要参数取决于曳引机的电机功率和转速，蜗轮与蜗杆的模数和减速比，曳引轮的直径和绳槽数，以及曳引比（曳引方式）等。采用有齿轮曳引机的电梯，其运行速度与曳引机的减速比、曳引轮直径、曳引比、曳引电动机的转速之间的关系可用以下公式表示：Main parameters, such as lift load and speed are determined by Hp and speed of traction machine, worm and gear numbers, gear ratio, diameter of traction machine, rope

5、 grooves and traction ratio (traction mode). For lifts adopting geared traction machine, the relationship between lift speed, traction gear ratio, traction machine diameter, traction motor speed is as follows:式中：Where:v 电梯的运行速度（m/s）v lift speed （m/s）D 曳引绳轮直径（m）D diameter of traction machine（m）N 曳引电动

6、机转速(r/min) N motor speed (r/min) y曳引比（曳引方式） y traction ratio（traction mode） j减速比 j gear ratio例：For example: 由一台电梯，其曳引轮的绳轮直径为0.8m，电动机转速1500r/min，减速比为533，曳引比为21，求电梯的运行速度？Given the fact that sheave diameter of traction sheave is 0.8m, motor speed is 1500r/min, reduction ratio is 53:3, gear ratio is 2:1

7、, what is lift speed?解：已知 D=0.8m，N=1000r/min, y=2/1, j=53/3 代入式2-1得： From the given conditions, we learn that D=0.8m，N=1000r/min, y=2/1, j=53/3. According to above mentioned formula, we can calculate that：曳引电动机是驱动电梯上下运动的动力源，其运行工况比较复杂。运行过程中需频繁的起动、制动、正转、反转，而且负载变化很大，经常工作在重复短时状态、电动状态、再生制动状态的情况下。因此，要求曳引电

8、机不但应能适应频繁起、制动的要求，而且起动电流小，起动力矩大，机械特性硬，噪声小，当供电电压在标准波动范围内变化时，还能正常起动和运行。因此电梯用曳引电动机是专用电机。由于曳引电动机的工作情况比较复杂，所以对电机功率的计算比较麻烦，一般常用以下公式计算：As power provider for lift movement, traction machine features complicated operation procedures, among which is involved with frequent start-up, brake, clockwise and counter

9、clockwise rotation. Due to constantly changing load, working status of traction machine is characteristic of repetitious short time operation, electrical control and regeneration. Therefore, with low start-up current, large start-up torque, mechanically rigid features and low noise, it is required t

10、hat traction machine should not only be adapted for frequent start-up, brake, but also start up and function well when poweroltage fluctuates within normal range. Being special machine for lift, traction machine is characteristic of complicated operation, whose Hp can be calculated through following

11、 formula: 式中：Where:P 曳引电机轴功率(kw)P shaft Hp of traction machine (kw)G 电梯轿厢额定载重量(kg) G rated load of car (kg) 电梯平衡系数 offsetting coefficient 电梯的机械总效率 total mechanical efficiencyv 电梯的运行速度（m/s）v lift speed（m/s）采用有齿轮曳引机的电梯，若蜗轮副为阿基米德齿形时，电梯机械总效率取0.50.55；采用无齿轮曳引机的电梯，电梯机械总效率取0.750.8。For lift with geared tract

12、ion machine, if worm gear is Archimedes type, total mechanical efficiency ranges from 0.5 to 0.55; for lift with gearless traction machine, total mechanical efficiency ranges from 0.75 to 0.8.例：有一台额定载重量为2000kg，额定运行速度为0.5m/s的交流双速电梯，曳引机的蜗轮副采用阿基米德齿形，电动机的额定转速为960r/min，求电机的功率应为多少（kw）?For example: For an

13、AC two-speed lift whose rated load is 2000kg and rated speed is 0.5m/s, worm gear is Archimedes type, rated speed of motor is 960r/min, what is hp of motor?解：已知：，代入式2-2得：According toG = 2000kg, = 0.5，v = 0.5m/s，= 0.5, we can calculate by inputting given values.有齿轮曳引机的电机有交流的也有直流的。W191曳引机的电机为交流变频电动机。目

14、前，除涡轮蜗杆减速机外，还有斜齿轮传动和行星齿轮传动两种形式的减速机。Geared traction machine is classified into AC and DC types. W191 traction machine is AC frequency-variable motor. Currently, besides worm geared machine, bevel and star geared machines are also available.2-2 无齿轮曳引机Gearless traction machine无齿轮曳引机用于运行速度v2.0m/s的高速电梯上。

15、这种曳引机的曳引轮紧固在曳引电动机轴上，没有机械减速装置，整机结构比较简单。曳引电动机是专为电梯设计和制造的，能适应电梯运行工作特点，具有良好调速性能的直流电动机或交流变频电动机。Gearless traction machine is used in lifts with speed of more than 2.0m/s. With traction sheave fixed in motor shaft, this traction machine is simple in structure without any mechanical geared machine. Speciall

16、y designed for manufactured for lift, traction motor is suitable for lift operation and classified into speed-variable DC and frequency-variable AC motor.图2-2所示为交流变频无齿轮曳引机。In figure 2-2 is shown an AC frequency-variable gearless traction machine.该曳引机制造时所需要的制动力矩要比有齿轮曳引机大得多，因此相应的制动器比较大。由于无齿轮曳引机多数情况是用于

17、复绕传动结构中，所以曳引轮轴、复绕轮轴及其轴承的受力要比有齿轮曳引机大得多，相应的轴也显得粗大。由于无齿轮曳引机没有减速机，所以使用寿命比较长。This machine needs much more brake torque than geared machine when it is manufactured, therefore, it needs a rather bigger brake. Gearless traction machine is more often than not used in compound winding drive, therefore, force

18、applied on traction sheave, compound winding sheave and bear is much larger than that on traction machine; corresponding shaft is of longer diameter.With no geared machine, it has longer usage life.2-3永磁同步无齿轮曳引机Permanent magnet synchronous gearless traction machine 在这里尤其值得提到的是永磁同步无齿轮曳引机在电梯上的应用。随着电梯曳

19、引技术的飞速发展，采用永磁同步无齿轮拖动技术的无机房电梯正越来越多地走进电梯市场。由于无机房电梯无需设置机房，也无需加大井道尺寸，从而可以简化建筑设计，美化建筑造型，节约建筑成本，尤其是无机房电梯噪声低、效率高、节能明显更提高了无机房电梯的使用价值。而无机房电梯最突出的设计就是永磁同步无齿轮曳引机。We cant help mentioning the application of permanent magnet synchronous gearless traction machine in lift. With the rapid development of traction tech

20、nology in lift, more and more lifts without machine room are adopting permanent magnet synchronous gearless trailing technology. For lifts without machine room, there is no need to enlarge well dimensions, simplifying and beautifying construction, saving cost, especially the application value of suc

21、h lifts is enhanced by low noise, high efficiency and power economization, and what distinguishes lifts without machine room from others lies in the permanent magnet synchronous gearless traction machine. 图2-3 所示的是蒂森无机房电梯所采用的PMS425AL型永磁同步无齿轮曳引机。它的扁平结构设计使得在井道壁和轿厢之间只需要一个很小的空间即可完成安装。由于它的无齿轮设计，电动机力矩直接传递

22、到曳引轮上，再加上无减速部分的静摩擦，使得传动效率可达90%以上，还由于它具有很低的运转速度，使得机器在运行过程中噪声很低，也不会产生振动。此类曳引机采用两组机电式制动器，如果其中一组制动器不起作用，另一组制动器能够提供足够的制动力使满载下行的轿厢停止。In figure 2-3 is shown PMS425AL permanent magnet synchronous gearless traction machine used in Thyssens lifts without machine room. The traction machine is flat in structure

23、, so only a very small space is needed between well walls and car to complete installation. With gearless design , motor torque directly passes on to traction sheave, combined with static friction of non-deceleration part, driving efficiency can exceed 90%; besides, due to low rotation speed, tracti

24、on machine runs with low noise and is free from vibration. The traction machine has two mechano-electronic brakes, therefore, the other brake can provide sufficient jerk force to stop car with 100% rated load if one brake fails to function. 永磁同步无齿轮曳引机的特点是： 乘坐舒适感好；运行噪声低；效率高； 安装电气载荷低； 维护方便可靠，无需换油，不存在油

25、泄露； 采用外部制动器，便于装配更换； 曳引机设置和安装范围广泛。Characteristics of permanent magnet synchronous gearless traction machine: Comfortable riding; Low running noise; High efficiency; Low load of electrical devices; Convenient and reliable maintenance, without need to change oil, eliminating oil leakage; Easy to replac

26、e assembly, with exterior brake; Wide range of setting and installation in traction machine.2-4曳引机制动器（抱闸）Brake 曳引机制动器最常用的是电磁式制动器，它由一组弹簧、带有制动衬垫的制动闸瓦、制动臂以及电磁铁组成，如图2-4所示。当电磁线圈通电时，制动器松闸；当电磁线圈失电，制动闸瓦靠弹簧压紧于制动轮而产生制动力矩。Composed of springs, brake block with liner, brake arm and magnet-iron, magnetic brake is

27、 most frequently used in traction machine, as shown in figure 2-4 . When magnetic coil is power on, brake will release; when magnetic coil is power off, brake block will produce torque, relying on springs pressed tightly on brake gear.2-4-1 制动器的作用Brake function制动器的作用有以下两条：Brake has two functions:2-4

28、-1-1能够使运行中的电梯在切断电源时自动把电梯轿厢掣停住。制动时，电梯的减速度不应大于限速器动作做产生的或轿厢停止在缓冲器上所产生的减速度。电梯正常使用时，电梯速度v1m/s 的，一般都是在电梯通过电气控制使其减速停止，然后再机械抱闸。In case of power cut-off, brake can make lift stop automatically. When brake engages, deceleration of lift should not exceed that produced by overspeed governor or needed to stop ca

29、r on buffer.If lift is in normal operation with speed of more than 1m/s, lift is usually decelerated through electrical control before mechanical brake engages.2-4-1-2电梯停止运行时，制动器应能保证在125%150%的额定负载下，电梯保持静止、位置不变，直到工作时才松闸。When lift stops moving, brake should guarantee that lift remains stationary under

30、 125%150% rated load. Brake does not release until lift starts moving. 2-4-2 制动器的工作特点Characteristic of brake制动器的工作特点是，电梯运行即电动机通电时制动器松闸，电梯停止运行即电动机失电时抱闸。When lift runs, i.e. motor is power-on, brake will release; when lift stops, i.e.motor is power-off, brake will engage.2-4-3 安装位置Mounting position 对于

31、有齿轮电梯，制动器装在电动机和减速机之间（见图2-5），即装在高转速轴上。因为高转速轴上所需的制动力矩小，这样可以减小制动器尺寸。For geared lift, brake is mountedbetween motorand geared machine (see figure2-5), i.e. on high-speed shaft. Small brake torque is needed byhigh-speedshaft, so that brakedimensions can bereduced. 有齿轮曳引机采用带制动轮的联轴器，即制动器的制动轮就是电动机和减速机之间的联轴器

32、原盘，如图2-6所示。制动轮装在蜗杆一侧，不能装在电动机一侧，以保证联轴器破断时，电梯仍能掣停。Gearless traction machine adopts adapter, i.e. isadaptor disketween motor and geared machine,as shown in figure 2-6. Brake gear is arranged on worm gear sideinstead of on motor side, to ensure that lift canalso stop in case of ruptured adapter.无齿轮曳引机的制动轮与曳引绳轮是铸成一体的，并直接安装在曳引电动机