江西财经大学国际贸易与金融必考简答题.docx

1、江西财经大学国际贸易与金融必考简答题 This model paper was revised by LINDA on December 15, 2012.江西财经大学国际贸易与金融必考简答题第2章3. 在国际化基础上，产品分工是部分还是完全的成因。Under constant opportunity cost conditions, specialization is complete. 机会成本不变的条件下，专业化是完整的。 A country can devote all of its resources to the production of a good without losin

2、g its comparative advantage. Under increasing cost conditions, specialization tends to be partial.增加成本的条件下，化偏 As production costs rise with expanded production, the home country eventually loses its comparative advantage. 4. 相对需求理论的含义。它是如何解释国际贸易条件的。The law of reciprocal demand suggests that if we kn

3、ow the domestic demands expressed by both trading partners for both products, the equilibrium terms of trade can be defined.5. 为什么在成本递增条件下，不存在贸易时的生产点会影响相对成本，而成本不变的条件下则不存在这种影响。Where a nation produces along its production possibilities curve in autarky affects the nations comparative costs under incre

4、asing cost conditions. This is because the slope of a bowed-out production possibilities curve, which indicates the marginal rate of transformation, varies at each point along the curve. Under conditions of constant costs, the production possibilities curve is a straight line. The marginal rate of t

5、ransformation does not change in response to movements along the production possibilities curve. 成本不变的条件下，生产可能性曲线是一条直线。边际转换率不应在生产可能性曲线运动的变化。 6. 为什么李嘉图的贸易模型无法准确地决定收益。The gains a country enjoys from free trade depend on the equilibrium terms of trade, which is determined by world supply and demand con

6、ditions. 一个国家的收益享有自由贸易依赖贸易的平衡，这是由世界的供给和需求条件确定。 By recognizing only the role of supply, Ricardo was unable to determine the equilibrium terms of trade.7. 机会成本不变和机会成本递增的含义。在什么条件下一国的成本保持不变或递增。Constant opportunity costs refer to a situation where the cost of each additional unit of one product in terms

7、of another product remains the same. Constant costs occur when resources are completely adaptable to alternative uses. Under increasing cost conditions, a nation must sacrifice more and more of one product to produce each additional unit of another product. Increasing costs occur when resources are

8、not completely adaptable to alternative uses. 固定的机会成本是指一种情况中，在另一个产品一个产品每增加单位成本保持不变。固定成本发生资源完全适用于其他用途。增加成本的条件下，一个国家必须牺牲更多的一个产品生产另一种产品的一个单位。成本增加时出现的资源并不完全适用于其他用途。9. 比较成本和生产可能性曲线的关系。阐述对于不同的机会成本，生产可能性曲线形状有何不同。The principle of comparative advantage can be explained in opportunity cost, which indicates th

9、e amount of one product that must be sacrificed in order to release enough resources to be able to produce one more unit of another product. The slope of the production possibilities curve ., the marginal rate of transformation) indicates this rate of sacrifice. A nation facing a straight-line produ

10、ction possibilities curve produces under conditions of constant costs, while production under increasing costs refers to a bowed-out ., concave) production possibilities curve. 比较优势原理可以解释机会成本，这表明一种产品要牺牲为了释放足够的资源能够生产更多的单位另一种产品的数量。的生产可能性曲线的斜率（即，边际转换率）表明该速率的牺牲。一个国家面临的一个直线生产可能性曲线生产成本不变的条件下，当生产成本增加是指一个退出

11、（即，凹）生产可能性曲线。第3章3. 里昂惕夫之谜如何挑战要素禀赋模型的普遍适用性。The Leontief paradox questioned the applicability of the factor-endowment theory by concluding that the United States exported labor-intensive goods. This was the opposite conclusion that would be expected when applying the factor endowment theory to the Uni

12、ted States. 里昂惕夫悖论质疑的要素禀赋理论的适用性的结论，美国出口劳动密集型产品。这是相反的结论，将运用要素禀赋理论去美国的时候。5. 林德的理论：（1）对制成品（2）对初级农业产品。Linder maintains that the factor-endowment theory is valid for trade in primary products, but that the theory of overlapping demands best applies to trade in manufactured goods. 林德认为要素禀赋理论在初级产品贸易是有效的，但最

13、好的重叠需求理论应用于制造品贸易。6. 国家干预总呢观测如何影响一个行业的国际竞争力。Governmental regulations imposed on domestic producers lead to higher production costs and a decrease in competitiveness. Such regulation is a negative determinant on trade performance. Nations that impose more stringent and costly governmental regulations

14、on their producers, relative to those abroad, tend to lessen their international competitiveness. 政府规定，对国内生产商征收导致较高的生产成本和降低竞争力。这样的规定是对贸易绩效负行列式。国家实施更严格的和昂贵的生产商的政府规定，相对于国外，倾向于减少其国际竞争力。7. 要素禀赋理论证明了贸易如何影响贸易伙伴间的收入分配，解释。The Heckscher-Ohlin theory reasons that exports of products embodying large amounts of

15、 relatively cheap, abundant factors makes those factors less abundant domestically. This leads to higher prices and thus an increased share of national income for these factors. 赫克歇尔俄林的理论原因，体现了大量相对便宜的出口产品，丰富的因素使得这些因素不太丰富的国内。这导致了这些因素更高的价格，从而增加国民收入的份额。8. 产业政策的含义。政府如何创造新兴产业的比较优势。在制定产业政策时会遇到的问题。Industri

16、al policy refers to a governmental strategy intended to revitalize, improve, and/or develop an industry. Governmental policies intended to foster an industrys development include loan guarantees, research and development subsidies, low interest rate loans, trade protection, and the like. Creating co

17、mparative advantage requires the government to identify industries with the highest growth prospects. Problems of industrial policy include: (a) identifying growth oriented industries; (b) government policy makers may be unduly influenced by their voting constituents. 产业政策是指政府为了振兴战略，改善，和/或发展一个产业。政府的

18、政策旨在促进行业的发展包括贷款担保，研发补贴，低利率贷款，贸易保护，等。创造比较优势的产业需要政府确定的最高增长前景。产业政策存在的问题包括：（一）确定的增长型行业；（b）政府的政策制定者可以通过他们的投票选民的过度影响。10. 区分产业贸易与产业间贸易。产业内贸易的主要决定因素是什么。Interindustry trade refers to the exchange between nations of products of different industries. Intraindustry trade refers to two-way trade in a similar pro

19、duct. Among the determinants of intraindustry trade are: (a)overlapping demand segments in trading countries, (b) the extent to which domestic producers ignore minority consumer tastes, and (c) economies of scale associated with differentiated goods. 行业间贸易是指不同行业产品的国家之间的交流。产业内贸易是指在一个类似产品的双向贸易。产业内贸易的决

20、定因素之间的是：（一）在交易的国家，重叠的需求部分，（b）在何种程度上忽视国内生产者的“少数民族”消费者的口味，和（c）与差异产品相关的规模经济。11. 商品和要素投入的国际流动如何促使国家间要素价格均等化。The factor endowment theory suggests that a capital-abundant nation enjoys relatively cheap capital. It thus specializes in and exports a capital-intensive good. This leads to increased demand for

21、 capital, which forces up the price of capital and thus the price of the capital-intensive good. The opposite occurs in the capital-scarce country. The basis for further specialization and trade ceases when the capital prices and product prices in each nation equate. 要素禀赋理论认为，资本丰富的国家享有相对廉价的资本。因此，专业出

22、口资本密集型商品。这导致资本需求的增加，迫使了资本的价格从而对资本密集型商品的价格。相反的情况发生在资本稀缺的国家。在此基础上进行进一步的专业化和贸易停止时，在每个国家的首都的价格和产品价格等同。12. 大规模生产的经济效应如何影响国际贸易模式。Adam Smith recognized that the division of labor is limited by the size of the market; world trade can permit longer production runs for domestic manufacturers, which leads to i

23、ncreasing efficiency and increasing competitiveness. 亚当史密斯认为劳动分工是市场规模的限制；世界贸易可以允许较长的生产运行的国内厂商，这导致提高效率和增加竞争力。13. 运输成本对国际贸易模式的影响。Transportation costs affect the location of industry since firms recognize that transportation costs in addition to production costs affect profitability. A firm achieves it

24、s best location when it can minimize its total operating costs, including production and transportation costs. When adding transportation costs to the prices of traded goods, a nations volume of trade decreases. 运输成本影响产业的位置，因为公司认识到，除了生产成本影响盈利能力的运输成本。一个公司达到其最佳的位置时，它可以最小化总经营成本，包括生产和运输成本。对贸易商品的价格加上运输成本

25、时，一个国家的贸易额下降。第4章2. 欠发达国家认为，工业国的关税结构不利于欠发达国家发展本国工业，请解释。Developing countries have argued that industrial countries allow raw materials to be imported at low nominal tariff rates while maintaining high nominal tariff rates on finished products. 发展中国家认为，工业国家允许进口原材料在较低的名义关税税率的同时保持较高的名义关税率对成品。4. 描述从量关税、从价

26、关税和混合关税的概念，并区分其优缺点。A specific tariff is expressed as a fixed amount of money per unit of the imported product. An ad valorem tariff is a fixed percentage of the value of the imported product as it enters the country. A compound tariff combines a specific tariff and an ad valorem tariff. 一个特定的关税是对一定数

27、量的进口商品的每单位的钱。从价关税是固定比例的进口产品的价值作为进入中国。复合关税将特定的关税和关税。5. 在什么情况下，对进口商品征收的名义关税高估或低估了实际关税或名义关税的有效保护性。When material inputs or intermediate products enter a country at a low duty while the final imported product is protected by a high duty, the nominal tariff rate on the final product overstates the effecti

28、ve rate of protection. The opposite also applies. 当材料的投入或中间产品进入一个国家在一个较低的关税而最终的进口产品的高关税保护，对最终产品的名义税率夸大的有效保护率。相反的也适用。8. 保税仓库和对外贸易区的含义。为什么它们能够帮助进口商减轻国内进口关税的影响。A bonded warehouse is a storage facility for imported goods; it allows imported goods to be put into storage without the payment of duties. Goo

29、ds may be later sold overseas duty free or withdrawn for domestic sale upon payment of import duties. A foreign trade zone is a site where foreign merchandise can be imported with no import duty; merchandise in the zone can be stored or used in the manufacturing of final products. 保税仓库是一个进口货物的仓储设施；它

30、允许进口入库货物未支付的义务。货物可以免税或撤回后在海外销售的内销的进口关税支付。对外贸易区是一个网站，外国商品可以没有进口税进口；在区商品可以存储或用于最终产品的制造。13. 有关关税的讨论，你认为哪一种与当今的世界最相关。Economists generally contend that most arguments for trade restrictions cannot withstand searching analysis. The infant industry and national security arguments may have some validity, bu

31、t they must be highly qualified. 经济学家普遍认为，大多数参数的贸易限制，不能承受搜索分析。幼稚产业和国家安全的争论可能会有一定的道理，但他们必须是合格的。15. 征收关税对一个国家的贸易条件和贸易量产生的影响。Terms of trade improve, while trade volume declines. 贸易条件的改善，而贸易量下降。第5章3. 进口配额可能带来的收益和成本。The import quota tends to permit domestic firms and workers to enjoy higher sales, profit

32、s, and employment levels. Consumers tend to face higher prices and expenditure levels. The economy as a whole faces deadweight losses in production and consumption. 进口配额会使国内企业和工人享受更高的销售额，利润，和就业水平。消费者往往面临更高的价格和支出水平。整个经济面临的无谓损失的生产和消费。5. 哪种趋势会造成家庭经济更大的福利损失：（1）由本国政府实行进口配额（2）由外国政府自愿实行出口配额。Under an import quota, the distribution of the revenue effect is indeterminate, depending on the relative bargaining power of foreign producers and domestic buyers. Because voluntary export quotas are typically administered from the supply side of the market, the largest share of the revenue effect t