浙江大学海洋科学概论海概复习打印资料.docx

1、浙江大学海洋科学概论海概复习打印资料一、 海洋生物Habitat of 230,000 known marine species, over 10million marine species estimated1 Nekton（自游生物）：marine mammals, fish, cephalopods头足类（章鱼） and crustacean甲壳纲类（海龟）2 Plankton（浮游生物）：zooplankton（浮游动物）： (Copepod 桡足类Jellyfish水母 Krill 磷虾Foraminiferans孔虫)。phytoplankton（浮游植物）：single-cell

2、ed algae (micro-algae) and bacteria3 Benthos（海底生物）：Zoobenthos（底栖动物）and phytobenthos（底栖植物） Multi-cellular algae （藻类）called by “seaweeds”（海藻） or macroalgae（大型藻类） thallus,（叶状体） photosynthesize（光合作用） Chlorophyta = Green: Ulva (石莼/海白菜) Phaeophyta = Brown: Laminaria (海带) Rhodophyta = Red: Porphyra (紫菜) Bl

3、ades（叶片）（not true leaves they lack veins叶脉） gas-filled bladders（气囊） or floats（漂浮物） or Pneumatocyst（气囊） maximize sunlight exposure. contain carbon monoxide (CO) the stipe（菌柄）, not found on all seaweeds A holdfast（固着器） holds the seaweed to the bottom. does not aid in gathering nutrientsFlowering Plant

4、s（开花植物） Over 250,000 species exist worldwide地球,only a few of these exist in the marine community海里很少 Those plants that do exist there must have mechanisms（结构） for dealing with salinity（盐分）。 These plants have true leaves, stems, roots and conducting tissuesMangrove trees (Rhizophora, 红树木科)、Seagrasses

5、、Salt marsh PlantsAnimals一、Classification of animals分类 Kingdom界,Phyla门,classes纲,orders目,families科, genus属,species种二、Invertebrates无脊椎动物 are far more abundant in the ocean and on land than vertebrates are，about 97% of animals are invertebrates【Sponges(海绵动物)Cnidarians(腔肠动物)Molluscs(软体动物)Flatworms(扁形虫)R

6、ibbon worms(纽虫)Nematodes(线虫)Annelids(环节动物)Sipunculans(星虫动物)Echiurans(螠虫动物)Arthropods(节肢动物)Bryozoans(苔藓虫)Phoronids(帚虫)Brachiopods (腕足类)Arrow worms(箭虫)Echinoderms(棘皮动物)Hemichordates(半索海生动物)Tunicates(被囊动物)Lancelets (文昌鱼)】1、InvertebrateThe Cnidarians腔肠动物（刺细胞）Includes Corals（珊瑚）, Sea Anemones (海葵) and Je

7、llyfish Unique long stinging cells called: Cnidocytes (刺细胞) Long harpoon（鱼叉） like tubes called: Nematocyst (刺丝囊)When the Nematocyst senses food is fires venom outward to stun the prey（猎物）Barbs (倒钩) 2、InvertebrateThe Molluscs（软体动物）Gastropods (腹足类, snails, sea slug海参); Bivalves (双壳类, oysters, clams, m

8、ussels); Cephalopods (头足类, octopus章鱼) Can be deposit feeders, carnivores, or using radula for scraping algae, encrusting animals off substrates Well developed nervous system Open circulatory system & complete digestive system2.1 Bivalves双壳类： Clams, Oysters（牡蛎）, Scallops, Mussels, etc. Filter feeder（

9、滤食动物） Wide distributed and delicious又多又好吃2.2Gastropods腹足类：Coiled shell on most species2.3 Cephalopods（头足类）：All 650 species marine, including Squid（鱿鱼）, Octopus,（章鱼） Nautilus (鹦鹉螺) & Cuttlefish Most advanced invertebrates Shell internal or absent in most, thick mantle covers the body, well developed

10、eyes, adapted tentacles Use beak-like jaws and radula to crush or rip prey Fast swimming predators due to water jet propulsion3、InvertebrateThe Arthropods（节肢动物） About 1 million species known, mostly marine Most marine species in a group of arthropods are called crustaceans (甲壳类), with chitin (几丁质) e

11、xoskeleton: hard, but light and moderately flexible Jointed appendages (具有关节的附肢) Many divided into sections called head, thorax (胸腔) and abdomen (腹腔) Specialized eye & sensory organs: wide angle of vision 2 pairs antennae (触须) Head and thorax fused into a single unit called a cephalothorax (头胸部); en

12、tire external body is called the carapace (甲壳) Large array of appendages specialized for different functions; ex: pinchers (钳子) on crabs, swimmerettes (游泳器) on the underside of shrimp hold developing eggs, etc.三、Marine fish are vertebrates脊椎动物 Some have vertebra made of cartilage (软骨), while others

13、have bony (多骨的) vertebra (椎骨) Among the 24,000 known species of fish, about 15,000 species are marine Fish are the oldest of vertebrates 鱼是最早的脊椎动物 About half of all vertebrate species are fish二、海洋微生物1、Characteristics of Microorganism： Small, Old, Simple (SOS) Ubiquitous无所不在：Diversity, numerous，Rapid

14、 reproduction, easy mutation多样性、多样性、快速繁殖性、易突变性2、 Effects and application ：The good, the bad and the ugly! Marine microbes have some detrimental (bad) effects apart from their impact: Disease/pathogen、Biofouling 生物污损、Biodeterioration 生物腐蚀、Pollution污染 What can we do about them? Potentially good approa

15、ches are:Biogeochemistry cycles、Bioremediation、Biotechnology三、海洋生态3.1 人类活动及海洋富营养化Eutrophication effects: algal blooms、fish kills & fish diseases、hypoxia、seagrass die off、food web change3.2 人类活动及海洋有害赤潮、水华3.3 人类活动及海洋过渡捕捞Stocks of top predators have declined，“Fishing down the food web”3.4 人类活动与海洋气候变化3.

16、5人类活动与海洋海洋酸化 Ocean acidification四、海洋药物学1、国内外已上市的海洋药物2、海洋药物研究的基本步骤3、海洋药物研究的基本步骤4、海洋药物研究的基本步骤样品采集、提取溶剂提取，减压浓缩、分离柱色谱、结构鉴定NMR（核磁共振）或LC-MS、活性筛选细胞等高通量筛选、先导化合物成药性研究（药效学、药代、毒理学）临床前研究临床五、海洋地质学1、地中海特提斯海的残留关于地中海危机：（1）20 Ma （2000万年）前，地中海是特提斯海的一部分（2） 6 Ma （600万年）前, 直布罗陀海峡关闭，发育大片蒸发岩类，海洋生物大部分灭绝（地中海危机）；（3）5.5 Ma （550万年）前 ，海峡重新开启，生物恢复2、地质历史上冰期、间冰期的交替离心率倾角岁差3、全球性海平面上升事件在可以预见的将来不会发生4、在南纬40至60，环绕南极大陆四周常年西风强劲，年平均浪高在四米以上，被称为咆哮西风带、魔鬼西风带（南极大陆常年被低压气旋环绕）5、在全球变暖的大背景下，南极冰盖不仅没有明显消融，证据显示冰川厚度还略有增加。为什么？西风带的气旋阻隔了南极与低纬度海洋的热交换