10大物理学难题困扰世界.docx

1、10大物理学难题困扰世界答10大物理学难题困扰世界 物理学的发展给其它学科的发展起到了很大的推动作用，在科技发展如此迅猛的当今时代，而物理学进程则称得上是履步艰难无论我们的力量是大是小，我们至少对此应该有所关注，也许某个思维的火花就因为这个而发出，以至于引起无穷的力量 那么，就认我们看看这些难题吧！圣巴巴拉加州大学的理论物理学家戴维格罗斯在公布选出的问题时说：“我是这样考虑的：如果我从现在起昏迷100年，当我醒来时，我会问 什么问题。”今年7月份，美国圣巴巴拉加州大学的物理学家们挑选出10个最匪夷所思的物理学问题，解答这些问题足够让世界物理学界忙上100年。尽管没有任何悬赏，不过，对任何一个问

2、题的解答差不多都能获得诺贝尔奖。 1.表达物理世界特征的所有（可测量的）无量纲参数原则上是否都可以推算，或者是否存在一些仅仅取决于历史或量子力学偶发事件，因而也是无法推算的参数？ 爱因斯坦的表述更为清楚：上帝在创造宇宙时是否有选择？想象上帝坐在控制台前，准备引发宇宙大爆炸“我该把光速定在多少”？“我该让这种名叫电子的小点带多少电荷”？“我该把普朗克常数-即决定量子大小的参数-的数值定在多大”？他是不是为了赶时间而胡乱抓来几个数字？抑或这些数值必须如此，因为其中深藏着某种逻辑？ 2. 量子引力如何帮助解释宇宙起源？ 现代物理学的两大理论是标准模型和广义相对论前者利用量子力学来描述亚原子粒子以及它

3、们所服从的作用力，而后者是有关引力的理论很久以来，物理学家希望合二为一，得到一种“万物至理”-即量子引力论，以便更深入地了解宇宙，包括宇宙是如何随着大爆炸自然地诞生的实现这种融合的首要候选理论是超弦理论，或者叫M理论-这是其名称的最新“升级版”，M代表“魔法”、“神秘”或“所有理论之母” 3. 质子的寿命有多长，如何来理解？ 以前人们认为质子与中子不同，它永远不会分裂成更小的颗粒这曾被当成真理然而在70年代，理论物理学家认识到，他们提出的各种可能成为“大一统理论”-该理论把除引力外的所有作用力汇于一炉-的理论暗示：质子必须是不稳定的只要有足够长的时间，在极其偶然的情况下，质子是会分裂的 办法是

4、捕捉到正在死去的质子许多年来，实验人员一直在地下实验室中密切注视大型的水槽，等待着原子内部质子的死去但迄今为止质子的死亡率是零，这意味着要么质子十分稳定，要么它们的寿命很长-估计在10亿亿亿亿年以上 4. 自然界是超对称的吗？如果是，超对称性是如何破灭的？ 许多物理学家认为，把包括引力在内的所有作用力统一成为单一的理论要求证明两种差异极大的粒子实际上存在密切的关系，这种关系就是所谓的超对称现象第一种粒子是费密子，可以把它们粗略地说成是物质的基本组件，就像质子、电子和中子一样它们聚集在一起组成物质另一种粒子是玻色子，它们是传递作用力的粒子，类似于传递光的光子在超对称的条件下，每一个费密子都有一个

5、与之对应的玻色子，反之亦然 物理学家有杜撰古怪名字的冲动，他们把所谓的超级对称粒子称为“”但由于在自然界中还没有观察到，物理学家还需要解释这种对称性“破灭”的原因：随着宇宙冷却并凝结成现在的这种不对称状态，在其诞生之际所存在的数学上的完美被打破了 5. 为什么宇宙表现为一个时间维数和三个空间维数？ 这只是因为还没有想到一个可以接受的答案，只是因为除了上下、左右、前后，人们无法想像在更多的方向上运动这并不意味着宇宙原本就是这样的实际上，根据超弦理论，肯定还存在着另外六个维数，每一维都呈卷曲状，十分微小，因而无法察觉如果这一理论是正确的，那么为什么只有这三个维数是伸展开来的，留给我们这个相对幽闭恐

6、怖的空间呢？ 6. 为什么宇宙常数有它自身的数值？它是否为零，是否真正恒定？ 直到最近，宇宙学家仍然认为宇宙是以一个稳定的速度在膨胀但最近的观察发现，宇宙可能膨胀得越来越快人们用一个叫宇宙常数的数字来描述这种轻微的加速这个常数是否如人们早期所认为的是零，或者是一个非常小的数值，物理学家现在还无法做出解释根据一些基本计算，这个常数应该很大-是我们观测结果的大约10到122倍换句话说，宇宙应该以跳跃般的速度在膨胀而实际情况并非如此，肯定有什么机制在压制这种作用如果宇宙真是超对称性的，那宇宙常数就该被完全抵消掉但这种对称性-如果确实存在的话-看来已经破灭如果这个常数随时间的变化而变化的话，那情况就更

7、加复杂了 7. M理论的基本自由度（M理论的低能极限是11维的超引力，它包含5种相容的超弦理论）是多少？这一理论理否真实地描述了自然？ 多年来，超弦理论最大的弱点是它有5个不同的版本到底哪一个-如果有的话-描述了宇宙？反对这一理论的人最近已经接受了被称为M理论的最主要的11维理论框架但情况却因此变得更加复杂 在M理论前，所有的亚原子粒子都被说成是由微小的超弦组成的M理论给组成亚原子的物质谱加了一种叫做“膜”（）的更为神秘的物质，它就像生理学上的膜一样，但最多有9个维数度现在的问题是，什么是更基本的物质组成单位，是膜组成了弦还是刚好相反？或者另外存在着一些更基本的物质单位，只是人们没有想到罢了？

8、最后，这两种东西中是否有一种确实存在，或者M理论仅仅是一种迷人的大脑游戏？ 8. 黑洞信息悖论的解决方法是什么？ 根据量子理论，信息-无论它描述的是粒子运动的速度还是油墨颗粒组成文件的确切方式-是不会从宇宙中消失的但物理学家基普索恩、约翰普雷希尔和斯蒡芬霍金却提出了一个固定的假设：如果你把一本大不列颠百科全书扔进黑洞中去，将会发生什么事？宇宙中是否有其他同样的百科全书是无关紧要的正如物理学中所定义的，信息并不等同于含义，信息仅指二进制的数字，或是一些其他的代码，它被用来精确地描述一个物体或一种方式所以看起来那些特定的书本里的信息将被吞没，并永远地消失但人们觉得这是不可能的 霍金博士和索恩博士相

9、信那些信息确实消失了，而量子力学必须对此作出解释普雷希尔博士推测信息其实并没有消失；它也许以某种形式显示于黑洞的表面，如同在一个宇宙中的银幕上9. 何种物理学能够解释基本粒子的重力与其典型质量之间的巨大差距？ 换言之，为什么重力比其他的作用力（如电磁力）要弱得多？一块磁铁能够吸起一个回形针，即使整个地球的引力在把它往下拉 根据最近的一种说法，重力实际上要大得多它仅仅是看上去比较弱而已，因为大部分重力陷入了某一个额外的维数度之中如果我们可以用高能粒子加速器俘获全部的重力，也许就有可能制造出微型黑洞虽然这看上去会引起固体垃圾处理业的兴趣，但这些黑洞很可能刚一形成就消失了 10. 我们能否定量地理解

10、量子色动力学中的夸克和胶子约束以及质量差距的存在？ 量子色动力学（）是描述强核子力的理论这种力由胶子携带，它把夸克结合成质子和中子这样的粒子根据量子色动力学理论，这些微小的亚粒子永远受到约束你无法把一个夸克或胶子从质子中分离出来，因为距离越远，这种强作用力就越大，从而迅速地把它们拉回原位 但物理学家还没有最终证明夸克和胶子永远不能逃脱约束他们也不能解释为什么所有能感受强作用力的粒子必须至少有一丁点儿的质量，为什么它们的质量不能为零一些人希望M理论能提供答案，这一理论也许还能进一步阐明重力的本质A 10 physics problems that beset the worldPhysics p

11、layed a significant role in promoting the development of other disciplines, such a rapid development of science and technology era, the physics processes regarded as difficult to fulfill step. Whether our strength is large or small, at least this should be some concern, perhaps the spark of a thinki

12、ng because of this issue, the that cause infinite power. Well, we recognize that we take a look at these problems! Said: I consider this: if I coma 100 years from now, when I woke up, I would ask what theoretical physicist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, David Gross announced elected

13、 problems. In July of this year, physicists at the University of California, Santa Barbara, USA selected 10 of the most puzzling problems of physics, to answer these questions is enough to make the world physics community busy for 100 years. No reward, however, the answer to any one problem can almo

14、st won the Nobel Prize.Expression of the characteristics of the physical world all whether the (measurable) dimensionless parameters in principle can be extrapolated, or whether there is some infrequent events depends solely on historical or quantum mechanics, and hence can not be extrapolated to th

15、e parameters?Einsteins interpretation is clear: God have a choice in creating the universe? Imagine God sitting at the console, ready to cause the Big Bang. I take the speed of light set how much? I named electronic point with the number of charge? I Plancks constant - that determine the quantum siz

16、e parameters - the values given in much? He is not to save time for the sake captured a few numbers? Or these values must be so, because deep in some kind of logic?Quantum gravity help explain the origin of the universe?Two great theories of modern physics, the standard model and general relativity.

17、 The former quantum mechanics to describe the interactions of subatomic particles and their obedience, while the latter is about the theory of gravitation. A long time, physicists hope into one, a theory of everything - that is, the quantum theory of gravity, for more in-depth understanding of the u

18、niverse, including how the universe is naturally born with the Big Bang. The prime candidate to achieve this convergence theory is superstring theory, called M-theory - this is the latest upgraded version in its name, the M stands for magic, mystery or the mother of all theories.Lifetime of the prot

19、on how long, how to understand?Previously thought protons and neutrons, it will never be split into smaller particles. This has been treated as truth. However, in the 1970s, theoretical physicists recognize that they may be various Grand Unification Theory theory - the theory of exchange all outside

20、 the gravitational force in a furnace - hint: proton must be not stable. As long as there is a sufficient length of time, in the extremely fortuitous circumstances, the proton will be split.Way proton capture are dying. For many years, the laboratory personnel have been in the underground laboratory

21、 closely monitor a large sink, waiting for the atomic internal proton died. But so far the mortality rate of the proton is zero, which means that either the proton is very stable, either their long life - estimated at more than 10 billion billion billion billion years.Nature is supersymmetric it? If

22、 supersymmetry is how to burst?Many physicists believe that all forces, including gravity, united to form a single theory requires proof that two differences the great particle actually exists a close relationship, this relationship is called supersymmetry phenomenon. The first particles are fermion

23、s, they can be loosely described as the basic components of matter, like protons, electrons and neutrons. They gathered material composition. Another particles are bosons, they are passed to the biasing force of particles, similar to the transmission of light photons. Supersymmetry conditions, each

24、fee dense sub has a corresponding boson, and vice versa.Physicists have coined the impulse of the weird name, their so-called super-symmetric particles called sparticle. But has not been observed in nature to sparticle physicist also need to explain this symmetry burst of reasons: as the universe co

25、oled and condensed into this asymmetry state, in its birth exist mathematical perfection was broken.Why universe one time dimension and three spatial dimension?This is simply because also did not expect an acceptable answer, simply because in addition to up and down, left and right, front and back,

26、one can not imagine the movement in more directions. This does not mean that the original is so universe. In fact, according to superstring theory, certainly, there are six other dimension, each dimension were tested curled, very small, and therefore undetectable. If this theory is correct, then why

27、 only three dimension extend to the left of our relatively claustrophobic space?Why the cosmological constant is its value? It is zero, really constant?Until recently, cosmologists still think in expansion of the universe is based on a stable speed. But recent observations that the universe may be e

28、xpanding faster and faster. People use to describe this number called the cosmological constant slight acceleration. Whether this constant as people early that is zero or a very small number, physicists still can not explain. According to some basic calculations, this constant should - is about 10-1

29、22 times of our observational results. In other words, the universe should jump-like speed in the expansion. Not the case, certainly what mechanisms to suppress this effect. If the universe is really supersymmetry, that the cosmological constant is due to be fully offset. But this symmetry - if it d

30、oes exist - seems to have been dashed. If this constant change with the change of time, then the situation is more complex.The low energy limit of M theory degrees of freedom (M theory is 11-dimensional supergravity, it contains five kinds of compatible superstring theory) is how much? The theoretic

31、al rationale No truly describe natural?Over the years, superstring theorys biggest weakness is that it has five different versions. Which in the end - if any - to describe the universe? The opponents of this theory has recently been accepted is the most important 11-dimensional theory called M-theor

32、y framework. However, the situation has become more complex.Before M-theory, all subatomic particles are said by the tiny superstrings composition. M-theory to the spectrum plus a mysterious substance called film (brane), composed of subatomic material like film on the physiology, but up to nine dimension degrees. The question