1、高考英语之高频考点解密七 非谓语动词含答案解密07非谓语动词【命题趋势】非谓语动词是动词用法中最为复杂的部分之一,它不仅有时态的变化、语态的不同,而且还要格外注意其所表达的逻辑关系,这些都是非谓语动词用法的难点。 近年来,高考对该语法现象的渗透日趋明显和突出,所牵扯到的焦点问题主要有:现在分词和过去分词基础知识;现在分词和过去分词句法功能;现在分词和过去分词用法的区别和辨析;现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态及其构成;现在分词和过去分词在上下文中的联系和纽带作用等。 另外,对于动词不定式主要考查一些固定搭配、固定句型和在句子中的句法功能;对于动名词主要考查在一些动词后作宾语的用法等。【名师指导】
2、非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词。非谓语动词一直是高考中的热点。解答非谓语动词的题目时,一定要解析句子结构,确定所设空是谓语动词还是非谓语动词,以及非谓语动词在句子中充当的功能(如状语、定语或宾补);找准相关动词的逻辑主语,确定该动词与逻辑主语是什么关系(主动还是被动);搜索句子中相关的时间信息,确定非谓语动词的恰当形式。非谓语题的解题总方法如下:1. 先看四个答案:如果四个答案分别为动词原形、不定式、现在分词、过去分词等情况,那么这个题多半是非谓语动词题。 2. 看符号:中间有个逗号,末尾有个句号(有时中间没有逗号); 3. 看有没有连接词(引导词)。如果用逗号隔开的两个部分都没有连接
3、词的话,一部分是句子时,那么另一部分就一定是非句子,而非句子里的动词就是非谓语动词。 4. 定语态:如果本句的主语(或动词自带的逻辑主语)与它是逻辑上的主谓关系,那么答案一般用现在分词;如果本句的主语(或动词自带的逻辑主语)与它是逻辑上的动宾关系(被动关系),那么答案一般用过去分词。 5. 定时态:如果非谓语的动作比谓语先(或先很久)发生,那么非谓语动词要用完成式(to have done/to have been done/ having done/ Having been done),否则我们要用非谓语的一般式(to do / to be done / doing / being done
4、 / done)。一、动名词和不定式作主语 能作主语的非谓语动词有不定式和动名词。二者的区别是: 表示某一具体的动作时,多用不定式; 表示比较抽象的一般行为倾向的,多用动名词。 动名词作主语时通常位于句首;不定式作主语时常置于句末,用it 作形式主语放在句首。 Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here. (抽象) It is not very good for you to smoke so much. (具体)注意: 如果表语是不定式,主语也是不定式;表语是动名词,主语也是动名词。如: To see is to believe.Seeing is believing. 常用
5、动名词作主语的句型: Its no use complaining without taking action.不采取行动只是抱怨是没有用的。(2019天津卷单项填空)_ to think critically is an important skill todays children will need for the future.A. Learn B. LearnedC. Learning D. Having learned【答案】C【解析】考查动名词。句意:学会批判性思维是当代小孩未来所必需的重要技能。句子缺少主语成分,而过去分词、动词都不可以做主语。此处用动名词做主语,故选C。二、动
6、名词和不定式作宾语1. 下列动词只能用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀 决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。 主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。 decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish; refuse,manage,care,pretend; offer,promise,choose, plan; agree,ask/beg,help。 此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。 She pretended not to see me when I passed by.当我经过时,她假装没看见我。2
7、. 有些动词只能用动名词作宾语,巧记动词后跟动名词的口诀: 避免错过少延期,建议完成多练习, 喜欢想象禁不住,承认否定与妒忌, 逃脱冒险莫原谅,忍受保持不在意。 avoid, miss, delay,suggest, finish, practice, enjoy, imagine, resist, admit, deny, envy, escape, risk, pardon, stand, keep, mind I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon. 今天下午如果你能给我回电话,我将非常感激。3. 注意区别下列动词后接不定式
8、和动名词 forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事(此事未做) forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生) remember to do sth.记得去做某事(未做) remember doing sth.记得做过某事(已做) stop to do停止(某件事),目的是去做另一件事 stop doing停止正在或经常做的事 go on to do继续(去做另外一件事情) go on doing继续(原先没有做完的事情) regret to do sth.对要做的事感到遗憾(遗憾地要去做某事) regret doing sth.对过去做过的事或未做过的事感到后悔
9、(后悔做过或未做过某事) try to do努力、企图做 try doing试验、试一试某种办法 mean to do(人)打算,有意要 mean doing(物)意味着 cant help (to) do sth.不能帮助做某事 cant help doing sth.情不自禁做某事1.(2019新课标II卷语法填空)A 90-year-old has been awarded “Woman Of The Year” for _61_ (be) Britains oldest full-time employee-still working 40 hours a week.【答案】being
10、【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词for可知,此处用动名词形式作宾语,故填being。三、不定式、动名词和分词作表语 作表语用的非谓语动词有:不定式(to do),动名词(doing),和分词(done,doing) 不定式作表语 Her wish was to become an artist. 她的愿望是成为一位艺术家。 The most important thing is to put theory into practice. 最重要的是要把理论应用到实践。 Our aim is to help them,not to teach them a lesson. 我们的目的是帮助他们
11、,而不是教训他们。总结: 不定式作表语表示主语的具体内容,如;表示将来的动作,如;表示目的,如。因此,在表示“目的,愿望,梦想,需求”等名词作主语时其表语应该用不定式。 动名词作表语 My job is teaching.(Teaching is my job.) Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见。 总结:动名词作表语,表示抽象概念。动名词作表语一般用来表示“身份,职业”等。大部分时候主语与表语可以互换,如。此外,还要注意主语与表语的一致性,如。例还可以说成: To see is to believe. 试比较:一般来说,表示比较抽象的一般行为时多用动名词作表语; 表示具
12、体某次动作,特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式. Their job is building houses.他们的工作是盖房子. Our task now is to develop our economy.我们的任务是发展经济。 分词作表语 首先做一些练习 The situation is_(encourage). The door remained_(lock) when he came again. 【答案】encouraging locked 总结: surprise,interest,excite,puzzle,disappoint,astonish,encourage, inspire
13、,shock,move等及物动词用作表语时,要看其与主语的关系。 如果与主语为主动关系,则用-ing形式,表示主语的特征。如果是被 动关系,用-done这种形式,表示主语的状态。 The news astonished us. 这句话就表明了the news与astonish为主动关系。astonish与us为被动 关系。那么就可以直接得出以下两个句子: The news was astonishing. We were astonished(by the news)1.(2018新课标卷语法填空)I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid
14、 _64_(look) directly into his eyes so he doesnt feel_65_(challenge).【参考答案】64.looking 65.challenged【答案解析】64.动词avoid后要加doing。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛。用looking。 65.根据语境可知,此处表示不直视他的眼睛,他就不会感到被挑战。feel为系动词,表示“被挑战”,用过去分词challenged作表语。高考对非谓语动词作定语的考查主要包括以下几个方面的内容: 不定式作定语; -ing分词作定语; -ed分词作定语。1不定式作定语 不定式作定语常用于不定代词或被the f
15、irst/next/only/last等修饰的名词和其他一些名词、代词之后。其中, 不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作,完成式则表示该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作 之前。 She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave. 如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系,在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词. Lets first find a room to live in / to put the things in. We have nothing to worry about.(=There is nothin
16、g for us to worry about.) 不定式作定语修饰一个在逻辑上是其宾语名词时,若在句子中能找到该不定式的逻辑主语, 则该不定式 多用主动表被动,否则,用被动式。 I have a lot of things to do today. ( I . do . things) Have you got anything to say at the meeting? ( you. say . anything) Here is a letter to be taken to Mr. Li. 在there be句型中,有时用主动式或被动式意思不同。比较: There is nothin
17、g to do at present.(=We have nothing to do at present.) There is nothing to be done at present.(= We can do nothing at present.)2-ing分词作定语 单个的-ing分词作定语一般前置,说明名词的性质、特征或用途等,-ing短语作定语一般后置;强调动作的 单个-ing分词也常后置。 a sleeping car ( = a car for sleeping )a sleeping child ( = a child who is sleeping ) the boy s
18、tanding there ( = the boy who is standing there ) The girl singing is my classmate. -ing分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进行,否则, 要用从句作定语。 Do you know the boy talking ( = who is talking ) to the teacher? Did you notice the boy sitting ( = who was sitting ) at this desk yesterday? The man shaking
19、( = who is now shaking ) hands with Mr. Li visited our class yesterday. 比较: 【误】He is the man visiting our class yesterday. 【正】He is the man who visited our class yesterday. 3-ed分词作定语 -ed分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成动作,-ing分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作。 a developed/developing country He is a student loved by all the teachers
20、. The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school. (2019新课标II卷语法填空)Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award,proud Irene _declared_(declare) she had no plans _65_ (retire) from her 36-year-old business.【答案】to retire【解析】考查不定式作定语。此处用to do sth作后置定语,用来修饰前面的名词plan,表示“的计划”,故填t
21、o retire。1. 带to的不定式( to do )作宾补的动词,常见的有: ask, invite, tell, want, encourage, wish, expect, beg, request, require, advise, order, force, cause, allow, permit, forbid, warn, remind, teach, send, call on, wait for, would like / love / prefer等表示劝请、要求类动词后,用带to的不定式作宾补。 The teacher asked us to finish our h
22、omework老师叫我们完成家庭作业。 She wanted him to sing for her friends她想让他为她的朋友唱歌。 The policeman told the boys not to play in the street警察告诉孩子们别在街上玩耍。2. 常见的接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词: 一感:feel 二听:hear, listen to 三让:let, make, have 四看:see, watch, notice, observe 半帮助:help sb. to do/do sth. 表示某人做某事的全过程或某事发生的全过程,强调事物的发生和结束。 I
23、saw him leave a few minutes ago. 我看见他几分钟前离开了。 To learn English well,we should find opportunities to hear English spoken as much as possible. 为了学好英语,我们应该尽可能多地找机会听英语。 The teacher raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 那个老师提高了嗓门以便别人能听到他。3. V-ing形式作宾补 V-ing形式作宾补,表示动作的过程,即动作正在进行,尚未结束。宾语与宾补之间是主动
24、的逻辑主谓关系。 I hear someone knocking at the door. Im sorry to keep you waiting for a long time.4. V-ed形式作宾补 着重动作完成,表明动作的结果,它与宾语之间是被动的逻辑主谓关系。 He saw the thief caught by the police. Im going to have my hair cut.1.(2018天津卷单项填空) I need a new passport so I will have to have my photographs_.A. taking B. taken
25、C. being taken D. take【参考答案】B【答案解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:我需要一个新护照,所以我将不得不拍照片。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语,宾语my photograph与补足语之间为被动关系,故用过去分词作宾语补足语。C项表示正在进行。故选B。2.(2018新课标III卷语法填空)Once his message was delivered, he allowed me _70_ (stay)and watch.【参考答案】 【答案解析】考查非谓语动词。此处allow sb to do sth允许某人做某事,动词不定式作宾补,应该用to stay。1不定式作状语(1)
26、作目的状语。注意其他非谓语动词形式不能用作目的状语。 To keep themselves awake they sat on the floor and told each other stories. 为了不至于睡着,他们坐在地板上轮流着讲故事。(2)作结果状语,表示出乎意料的结果,经常与only连用。 We hurried to the station,only to be told that the train had left. 我们急匆匆赶到车站,结果被告知火车已开走了。(3)作原因状语形容词或过去分词作表语时,后面可接不定式作原因状语。常见词有:happy,lucky,sorry
27、,proud, disappointed,surprised,ready,delighted,clever,foolish,pleased等。 Were proud to be young people of China. 作为中国青年我们感到自豪。在“主语系动词表语(形容词)to do”结构中,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。该结构中常用的形容 词有:easy,difficult,important,interesting,pleasant,comfortable,dangerous等。 The chair is very comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子坐上去很舒服。(
28、2019江苏卷单项填空)_ the convenience of digital payment, many senior citizens started to use smart phones.A. To enjoy B. Enjoying C. To have enjoyed D. Enjoy【答案】A【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处是不定式作目的状语。句意:为了享受数字支付的方便,很多老年市民开始使用智能手机。故选A。【解题技巧】 动词的不定式用法口诀:2分词作状语(表时间、原因、条件、结果、方式或伴随、让步等)(1)作状语的分词要求其逻辑主语与句子的主语保持一致。 Satisfied w
29、ith what he did,the teacher praised him in class. 由于老师对他所做的事情很满意,于是在班上表扬了他。(2)若现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,则用现在分词的完成形式(having done)。 Having cleaned the desks,we began reading. 擦完桌子后,我们便开始看书。(3)若与句中主语为逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生,用现在分词完成式的被动形式(having been done)。 Having been shown the classrooms,we were taken to s
30、ee the library. 我们被领着看了教室后,又被带去看图书馆。(4)如句子的主语是分词动作的承受者,则要用过去分词(done)。 Seen from the top of the mountain,the city is very beautiful. 从山顶上看,这座城市很漂亮。(5)如句子的主语是分词动作的发出者,就用现在分词形式(doing)。 Seeing from the top of the hill,we find the park even more beautiful. 从山顶上看,我们发现这个公园显得更加美丽。独立主格结构(一)独立主格结构的形式独立结构可分为两部分,一部分事名词或代词(主格),起着逻辑主语的作用;另一部分由形容词、副词、名词、分词、不定式、介词短语等构成,表示前面名词或代词的状态或动作。1.
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