语法八非谓语动词.docx

1、语法八非谓语动词非谓语动词概述在英语中，一个主谓结构中只能有一个谓语，再出现动词时，要变成非谓语形式。英语中非谓语动词包括：动名词，现在分词，过去分词和动词不定式。动名词：具有名词功能，常在句中作：主语，宾语，定语现在分词: 表主动和正在进行, 常在句中作： 定语， 状语，宾补；过去分词：状态、被动和已完成，常在句中作：定语，状语，补语；动词不定式：表将来具体某一次，也表目的，常在句中作： 主语，定语，状语，补语，宾语等。（一）. 动词不定式不定式的形式：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化。语态式一般式完成式进行式主 动to buildto have builtto be building被

2、 动to be buildto have been built（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后，也可以表示目的。例如：Im glad to meet you.We plan to pay a visit.We have made a plan to finish the work. The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.（2）完成式(to have done)：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前，例如

3、：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.（3）进行式(to be doing)：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.2不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your h

4、eart means failure.注：动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，真正的主语不定式置于句后，例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.（2）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.（3）作宾语：作及物动词的宾语， 这类词语包括, aim(以.为目的), appear(表现得), dare(敢于), demand(要求、命令), l

5、ong(期待), mean(打算), tend(倾向于), happen(碰巧), agree (同意) , ask (请、要) , attempt (试图) , afford 付得起 agree 同意 ask 要求apply 申请care (想要) , choose (决定、要) , decide (决定) , desire (希望) , determine (决心) , help 帮助expect (期望) , fail (未能) , hope (希望) , intend (打算) , learn (学习) , manage (设法) , offer (愿意) , plan (计划、打算)

6、 , pretend (假装) , refuse (拒绝、谢绝) , wish (希望) , promise (答应)，want（想要）等等。等The driver failed to see the other car in time. I happen to know the answer to your question.She wishes to be a musician.不定式与疑问词一起构成动词的宾语，即动词+疑问词+ to decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder

7、, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us how to do that. There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.作某些形容词的宾语：可以用动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等I am determined to give up smoking.It is

8、 important to study the situation in Russia.（4）作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, like, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, invite, require. I wish you to give me a hand.He required us to be present at the meeting. I like yo

9、u to keep everything tidy. （5）作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend.注意1：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.注意2：如果不定式所修饰名词与不定式动作有被动关系，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：Have you got anything to send?Have you got anyth

10、ing to be sent?被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get here.（6）作状语：表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注：不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：To save money, every means has been tried. (F)To save money, he has tried every means. (T)表结果：He arrived late to find the train

11、 gone.常用only放在不定式前表示强调：I visited him only to find him out.表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer.（7）作独立成分：To tell you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词。If you dont want to do it, you dont ne

12、ed to.（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.（二）动名词：动名词源于动词又具有名词的功能，因此在句中起名词的作用。1动名词的形式：否定式：not + 动名词（1）一般式：(doing)Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。（2）被动式：(being done)He came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。（3）完成式：(having done)We remembered having seen the film.

13、 我们记得看过这部电影。（4）完成被动式：(having been done)He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。（5）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。2动名词的句法功能：（1）作主语：Reading aloud is very helpful

14、. 朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。（2）作表语：In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国，蚁后的工作是产卵。（3）作宾语：They havent finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝。We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我们必须阻止空气被污染。如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay

15、, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认），deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent(from),keep from, stop（from）,protectfrom, set about, be engaged in, spend(in), succeed in,

16、 be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like, image （4）作定语：He cant walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路。Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗？（5）作同位语，进一步加解释说明His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变。（三）现在分词：1.

17、 现在分词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式(doing)表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，完成式(having done)表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生，常作状语。例如：They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业，他开始打篮球。（2）现在分词的被动语态(being done)：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作，完成式表示发生在谓语动

18、词之前的被动的动作。The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.被告诉了好几遍，这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。2现在分词的句法功能：（1）作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。In the following years he worked even harder.在后来的几年中，他学习更努力了。The man speaking

19、to the teacher is our monitors father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.（2）作表语：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。The present situation is i

20、nspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。（3）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。（4）作状语：作时间状语：(While) Working in the factory,

21、he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。作原因状语：Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员，他经常帮助他人。作方式状语: He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。作条件状语： (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。作结果状语：He dropped the glass, breaking it into

22、pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。作目的状语：He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。作让步状语：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。与逻辑主语构成独立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。

23、Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。作独立成分：Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.从外表看，他一定是个演员。Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来，女孩子更细心。3现在分词与动名词的区别，比较以下句子：(1)M

24、y mother goes shopping every day. (现在分词，做目的状语，表伴随情况)My mother does shopping every day. （动名词，做does的宾语）现在分词不做宾语，动名词可以(2 Being a college student, I must study hard. (现在分词，做原因状语)Being a qualified middle school English teacher is not easy. (动名词，构成主语)现在分词不可以做主语，动名词可以(3) 现在分词和动名词都可以当定语，修饰名词，a leading comra

25、de. (a comrade who leads)(现在分词A swimming pool. (a pool for swimming )（动名词）a sleeping child（a child who is sleeping）（现在分词）a sleeping car（a car used for sleeping）（动名词）（四）过去分词：过去分词的句法功能1作定语：Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。Those elected as committee members will attend

26、 the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。2作表语：The window is broken. 窗户破了。They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，表示完成。如：boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶）newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了的

27、世界）3作宾语补足语：1）过去分词在have, make, get, keep, leave等使役动词的宾语后面作宾语补足语。例如： He had his house damaged in the storm. 他的房子被暴风雨毁坏了。 2）过去分词在want, like, wish, order等表示“希望”、“要求”、“命令”意义的动词的宾语后面作宾语补足语。例如： I wish the office painted white before I move in. 我希望办公室粉刷后再搬进去。 3）过去分词在see, hear, find, feel, notice, observe, w

28、atch等表示感觉和心理状态的动词的宾语后面作宾语补足语，表被动或状态。例如： Mr Zhang felt his face lost before his friends. 张先生觉得他在朋友面前丢面子了。 4） 过去分词在with或without的宾语后面作宾语补足语。例如： With everything well arranged, he left the office. 一切都安排妥当以后，他离开了办公室。4作状语：Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因

29、）Once seen, it can never be forgotten.一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间）Given more time, Ill be able to do it better.如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件）Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步）Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 心中充满了希望与恐惧，他走进山洞。补充：有些动词既可

30、跟不定式也可跟动名词，但意思上有差别1. forget/remember doing/having done记得/忘了以前曾经做的事2. forget/remember to do还未做2. regret doing sth. 对做过的某事表示后悔regret to say, 很抱歉的说3. mean to do, 打算作某事；mean doing, 意味着 4. try to do , 尽力,设法做某事；try doing, 尝试着做某事 5. like/ hate doing, 经常性的like/ hate to do, 特定的某一次6. be/get used to doing 习惯于做

31、某事used to do 过去经常做某事 be used to do被用来做7. cant help doing=cant help but do 忍不住做某事cant help ( to) do 不能帮助做某事8. stop doing 停止正在做着的某事 stop to do停下来做别的事情(to do是目的状语)9. go on doing继续做原来做的事go on to do接着干别的事情含有用作介词to的常考短语1. be addicted to 沉溺于；对上瘾He is addicted to gambling.他沉溺于赌博。2. devote oneself to doing sth./be devoted to 献身于做某事/专心致力于做某事把She devoted herself to helping the poor. 她致力于帮助穷人。Charlie devotes his time to reading.