古埃及建筑.docx

1、古埃及建筑Ancient Egyptian Architecture古埃及建筑I. A short introduction:Ancient Egyptian architectureis the architecture ofancient Egypt, one of the most influential civilizations throughout history, which developed a vast array of diverse structures and great architectural monuments along theNile, among the

2、 largest and most famous of which are theGreat Pyramid of Gizaand theGreat Sphinx of Giza.简介：古埃及建筑是指古埃及时期在尼罗河一带所发展出之具有文明影响力且组织结构多元化的建筑风格。目前这些建筑有一些被完好的保存了下来，其中较知名的有吉萨金字塔群、狮身人面像、阿布辛拜勒神庙和卡纳克神庙等。The History of Western Architecture begins in ancient Egypt .Ancient Egyptian forms represent the beginning o

3、f monumental western architecture .Even to the later Greeks and Romans, Egyptian architecture was considered ancient and mysterious .Under 30 dynasties dynasties which endured 30 centuries, the political ,social and economic structure of Egypt was an extremely stable civilization .For 3000years,the

4、way of life in Egypt continue mostly unchanged and many of the basic architectural forms remained constant. As a result, people lived with a great sense of security and continuity under the ruling King .The King was the head of the Egyptian state, both in politics and religion, but was also consider

5、ed the all powerful god. Ancient Egyptian culture was one of the most successful in the history of the world because of its continuity and ability to create so many grand monuments over such a long period of time. It was not until Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 332BC that the ancient Egyptia

6、n way of life ended and Egypt became part of the great Roman Empire.西方建筑的历史起源于古埃及。古埃及的建筑形式代表了西方纪念性建筑的开始。甚至同此后的希腊、罗马相比，埃及建筑更加的古老神秘。在历朝历代中，埃及的政治、社会和经济结构都是极其稳固的文明。整整3000年，埃及的生活方式几乎没有什么变化，很多基本的建筑形式延续了下来。因此，埃及人伴随着一种强大的安全感和持续性生活在国王的统治下。国王是埃及整治和宗教的统治者，也被认为是万能的神（法老）。因其延续性以及在如此漫长的时期内创造出的许多壮观的遗迹，古埃及文化是世界历史上最成

7、功的文化之一。直到公元前332年亚历山大大帝征服埃及，古埃及的生活方式终结，埃及成为罗马帝国的一部分。II.Natural Conditions and Social Background of Ancient Egypt (Ancient Egyptian Civilization)古代埃及的自然条件与社会背景（古埃及文明）1. Natural ConditionsJust as life arose from the waters, the seeds of civilization were first sown along the banks of the Nile. This mig

8、hty river, which flows north from the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea, nourished the growth of the pharaonic kingdom.就像生命来自于水，文明的种子首先沿着尼罗河岸播撒。这条强大的河流从非洲的心脏自南向北流向地中海。埃及位于非洲的东北部，其南部为未开辟的高原，北临地中海，东濒红海，西接干燥的不毛沙漠，气候炎热少雨。The Nile River Valley defined the limits of human activity as the valley was

9、 protected on the east by the mountains and on the west by the desert. The Nile River was the source of life for ancient Egyptians. Each summer the River swelled with rain and overflowed its banks on the banks on the way to the Mediterranean Sea. As the waters receded, the fertility of the soil prod

10、uced agricultural wealth which gave the Egyptians security and contentment. Because the ancient Egyptians lived in peace with plentiful food (instead of in war and starvation) ,they had the power and strength to build their great monuments. Peaceful times were needed as a pyramid could take up to 40

11、or 50 years to build.每年夏季河水泛滥，土地肥沃，使得农产品丰收，给埃及人民带来了安全满足。因为古埃及人生活和平富足（而不是生活在战争和饥饿中），它们才有力量和勇气去建造他们伟大的纪念物。在和平年代，修建一座金字塔需要40到50 年的时间。The Nile River was also a means of transportation and communication which helped maintain a closely connected country. The visual character of the Nile valley influenced

12、the architects to create an architecture that could stand up against the scale and grandeur of the great Nile River, the steeps cliffs and immense desert as well as the ambitious demands of each King or Queen. The cliffs lining the Nile Valley provided a huge amount of stone (limestone, granite etc)

13、. Stone was the building material of the royal tombs and temples. The enormous stones were either quarried on site or cut from the cliffs and then moved by boat and for the mummy cases which held the dead King.尼罗河同时作为一种运输和交流的手段，使国家的联系更加紧密。尼罗河谷的视觉特征影响了建筑师，使他们创造了一种能够与广阔的尼罗河、陡峭的悬崖、无垠的沙漠以及每位国王或王后勃勃的野心的宏

14、伟壮观并肩站立的建筑。排列在尼罗河谷边的峭壁提供了大量的岩石。岩石是贵族陵墓和神庙的主要建筑材料。无数的岩石要么在悬崖的一侧开采出，要么直接切下来，随后用船运送，建造成装死去国王的木乃伊的箱子。On the banks of the Nile, the Egyptians built their cities, temples and tombs. Not much is known of their houses and commercial buildings because they were built from unprotected sun-dried bricks and woo

15、d which eventually decomposed. Even with the weathering of time, the temples and tombs remain mostly intact because they were constructed out of massive and permanent stone block. The royal tomb was a monument and final home for the dead King which contained a vault or chamber for his body. The roya

16、l temple was a place of worship and was sometimes dedicated to a King or Queen with a special place for their burial.在尼罗河岸上，埃及人民建造了他们的城市、庙宇和陵墓。他们的房屋和商业建筑并不为人所知，因为它们是用没有保护层的晒干的砖和木头建造的，砖木最终被分解掉。即便是随着时间的风化，神庙和陵墓也几乎完封不动，因为它们由厚重而恒久的石块构成。王室的陵墓是死去法老的墓碑和最终归宿，它包含一个放有他身体的石室或房间。最高贵的庙宇是膜拜神灵的地方，又时也会用来举办国王或王后葬礼。2. Social Background社会背景The other powerful force which influenced Egyptian architecture was the religious belief in life after death.另外一个影响埃及建