独立主格+with用法小全.docx

1、独立主格+with用法小全独立主格篇独立主格，首先它是一个“格”，而不是一个“句子”。在英语中任何一个句子都要有主谓结构，而在这个结构中，没有真正的主语和谓语动词，但又在逻辑上构成主谓或主表关系。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。除名词/代词+名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词及介词短语外，另有with或without短语可做独立主格，其中with可省略而without不可以。*注：独立主格结构一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。一、独立主格结构：1. 名词/代词+

2、形容词He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.靠近岸时，我看见几汪深池塘，池水碧似蓝天。2. 名词/代词+现在分词Winter coming, it gets colder and colder.The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk.The question having been settled, we wound up the meeting.也可以The

3、question settled, we wound up the meeting.但含义稍有差异。前者强调了动作的先后。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。3. 名词/代词+过去分词The job finished, we went home.More time given, we should have done the job much better.*当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，不及物动词用现在分词，及物动词用过去分词。He lay there, his teeth set, hi

4、s hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up.他躺在那儿，牙关紧闭，双拳紧握，两眼直视上方。4. 名词/代词+不定式We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven.We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor.Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out ne

5、xt month.5. 名词/代词+介词短语I followed him here, and climbed in, sword in hand.The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand.He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.coat off名词+副词；head down名词+副词；pen in hand名词+介词短语。This Contract shall be signed in duplicate, one for each Party. 本合同一式两份，双方各执

6、一份。*名词/代词+介词短语中介词为in时，其前后的两个名词一般不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词）。A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. A girl came in, book in hand. 如若有修饰词，必须对称出现，例句：A girl came in, a book in her hand. 故以下二句为错误用法：A girl came in, book in her hand.A girl came in, a book in hand. 而with短语则可随意加限定词。A girl came in, with some books

7、 in both hands. A girl came in, with a book in her hand. 6名词/代词+副词Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.7 名词/代词+名词He fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。8 with+名词+分词（或形容词、副词、不定式等）He was asleep with his head on his arm

8、s.With John away, we have got more room.He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或 He stood at the door, computer in hand.* with或without短语作定语，独立主格结构功能相当于一个定语从句，通常with前无逗号。He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。He was walking along the road without any street

9、 lights on its both sides. 他走在一条两边没有路灯的马路上。二、独立主格的变化过程：When the coffin had been interred, the minister said a few comforting words.The coffin (having been) interred, the minister said a few comforting words.棺材入土后，牧师说了几句安慰的话。三、独立主格注意事项：1. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式：The chief-editors arriving, we began the meeting

10、. （）The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.（）2. 其他独立主格结构，其中以下结构不能省略being (having been)：2.1 There being +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。There being no bus, we had to go home on

11、foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。2.2 逻辑主语为人称代词，being不可省：It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。2.3 当独立主格结构中 being done 表示“正在被做时”，being不可省略。This article deals wit

12、h common social problems, with much attention being paid to problems of teenagers.Food being cooked, I fell asleep.3. 独立主格中的代词要用主格形式，但也有例外：Everyone laughed, me included. （张道真英语语法商务印书馆）。me included为宾格+过去分词。Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation bega

13、n keeping record, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space.themselves included为反身代词+过去分词。四、具有独立主格功能的其他结构：1. 当独立主格结构的主语表示“一般人”，如：we, one, you时，主语可省略，此用法常用于下列表达方式中：generally sp

14、eaking 一般来说strictly speaking 严格地说talking of . 谈到speaking of . 说到judging from . 由来判断taking all things into consideration 把一切都考虑在内considering . 考虑到示例If we judge from his face, he must be ill.= Judging from his face, he must be ill.He has lots of books if we consider that he is young.= He has lots of b

15、ooks, considering that he is young.Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.总的说来，这条规则很容易懂。Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man.由他所说的来判断，他一定是一个诚实的人。2. 有些固定短语是带 to 的不定式，表明说话人的立场或态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest（老实说），to be sure （确实），to tell you the truth （说实话），to cut a long

16、story short （长话短说），to be frank （坦率地说），to make matters / things worse （更糟糕的是），等等。To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling.说实话，我犯了一个拼写错误。To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the wo

17、rk.情况更糟的是，许多男人都去城市找工资较高的工作，而留下附近村庄的妇女来继续承担修复工作。*独立主格的时态问题：独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。The question having being settled, we wound up the meeting.附with的用法：介词with用法详解篇With是一个十分有用的介词，其用法也比较复杂，以下用法值得注意：1. 表示“关于，对，就来说”等。如：Jen

18、ny didnt want him to do that because her parents were very strict with her. 詹妮不想让他那么做，因为她的父母对她要求很严。（还有短语：be angry with sb.） Everything was going well with us. 我们的一切都进行得很顺利。 Something is with the computer. 那台电脑出了毛病。2. 表示“在范围”，有“在工作”、“是的成员”或“被雇用”等。 He got a job with a motor company. 他在一家汽车公司找到了工作。 He

19、has been with our school for 28 years. 他在我们学校工作了28年。3. 译作“同/跟（一起）”，如：I went to the cinema with my mother. 我和我妈妈去看电影了。4. with表示拥有某物：Mary married a man with a lot of money.马莉嫁给了一个有着很多钱的男人。I often dream of a big house with a nice garden.我经常梦想有一个带花园的大房子。The old man lived with a little dog on the lonely

20、island.这个老人和一条小狗住在荒岛上。5. with表示方式、手段或工具等时（=以，用，被），注意不要受汉语意思的影响而用错搭配，如“用英语”习惯上用in English，而不是with English。I cut the apple with a sharp knife.我用一把锋利的刀削平果。Tom drew the picture with a pencil.汤母用铅笔画画。The table is covered with a nice cloth. 那张桌子用一块漂亮的布盖着。 The window had been broken with a stone. 窗户被一块石头打碎

21、了。 The pavement on each side was crowded with smiling people. 两边的人行道上挤满了微笑的人们。 He was killed with a knife. 他被人用刀刺死了。Mr. Black came to China with a plane called 737. 布来克先生乘坐一架名为737的飞机来中国的。6. with表人与人之间的协同关系make friends with sbtalk with sbquarrel with sbstruggle with sbfight with sbplay with sbwork wi

22、th sbcooperate with sbI have been friends with Tom for ten years since we worked with each other, and I have never quarreled with him .自从我们一起工作以来，我和汤姆已经是十年的朋友了，我们从没有吵过架。7. with表原因或理由：John was in bed with high fever.约翰因发烧卧床。He jumped up with joy.他因高兴跳起来。Father is often excited with wine.父亲常因白酒变的兴奋。Wi

23、th so many things to do, he has to work full times. 由于有这么多的事要做，他不得不全日工作。He passed the exam with her help. 在她的帮助下，他考试及格了。 She jumped with joy. 她高兴得跳起来。8. with表“带来”，或“带有、具有”，在身上，在身边之意The woman with a baby in her arms was my teacher in the middle school. 那位怀抱孩子的妇女就是我中学时的老师。The girl with golden hair loo

24、ks beautiful.那个金头发的女孩看起来漂亮。The famous director will come to the meeting with the leading actor and actress.那个有名的导演将带着男女主角来到会场。A storm with a hurricane has come onto its way.带有飓风的风暴要来了。Do you have money with you?身上带着钱吗？ Take the umbrella with you in case it rains.随身带伞，以防下雨。9. with表想法，信念，态度与一致I agree

25、with you on how to deal with it.关于此事如何处理，我同意你的看法。I believe with the headmaster that a good teacher should not only teach a student what to learn but also how to learn it.我相信校长所说，一个好老师不但教学生学什么，而且应教学生怎么去学。Are you with us or against us? 你是拥护我们还是反对我们？ The dog was fighting with the cat. 狗在和猫打架。 Our team

26、is playing with the team from No. 2 Middle School. 我们的球队正在和二中的球队比赛。10. with表示让步，“虽有、尽管”With all his money and fame, he is not happy.尽管他拥有金钱和名誉，他还是不快乐。With good teachers and warmhearted classmates, the new comer feels lonely.虽有着好老师和热心的同学，这个新来的还是感觉孤独。With all his shortcomings, he was a conscientious w

27、orker. 尽管他有缺点，但他却是一个勤勤恳恳的工人。11. with表同时，或同一方向，“随着”With the development of science and technology, our living standards have missed a lot. 随着科技的发展，我们的生活水平得到了很大的提高。The temperature of cold-blooded animals change with the temperature of the surroundings.冷血动物的体温随着周围的环境的改变而变化。The big ship is sailing with

28、the wind.这个大船正随风向航行。And with the last words, she turned away.随着最后一句话说完，他转身离开了。比较with和as：两者均可表示“随着”，但前者是介词，后接名词或代词；后者是连词，用于引导一个句子。比较：He will improve as he grows older. 随着年龄的增长，他会进步的。Peoples ideas change with the change of the times. 时代变了，人们的观念也会变化12. 与某些抽象名词连用时，其作用相当于一个副词。如：with care=carefully 认真地wit

29、h kindness=kindly 亲切地with joy=joyfully 高兴地with anger=angrily 生气地with sorrow=sorrowfully 悲伤地with ease=easily 容易地with delight=delightedly 高兴地with great fluency =very fluently 很流利地13. 表示条件时，根据情况可与虚拟语气连用。如：With more money I would be able to buy it. 要是钱多一点，我就买得起了。With better equipment, we could have fini

30、shed the job even sooner. 要是设备好些，我们完成这项工作还要快些。12. 复合结构“with+宾语+宾语补足语”是一个很有用的结构。With结构在句中可以作定语（Ilikeeatingthemoon cakeswitheggs.）。另外主要用作状语，表示伴随、原因、时间、条件、方式等；其中的宾语补足语可以是名词、形容词、副词、现在分词、过去分词、不定式、介词短语等。复合结构中第一部分与第二部分语法上是宾语和宾语补足语关系，而在逻辑上，却具有主谓关系，也就是说，可以用第一部分作主语，第二部分作谓语，构成一个句子。with结构在句子中的位置：with结构在句中作状语，表示

31、时间、条件、原因时一般放在句子前面，并用逗号与句子分开；表示方式和伴随状况时一般放在句子后面，不用逗号分开。若with结构作定语，则放在所修饰的名词之后，一般不用逗号隔开。with结构作状语时，不定式、现在分词、和过去分词的区别：在with结构中，不定式、现在分词作宾补，表示主动，但是不定式表示将要发生的动作，而现在分词表示正在发生或发生了的动作；过去分词表示被动或完成。with结构与一般的with短语的区别：with结构具有上述功能和特点，而“介词with+名词或代词(组)”组成的一般的with短语在句子中可以作定语和状语。作状语时，它能表示动作的方式、原因，但不能表示时间、伴随和条件。在一般的with短语中，with后面所跟的不是复合结构，也根本没有逻辑上的主谓关系。例句：(1) with+宾语+形容词He often sleeps with the windows open. 他常开着窗睡觉。Dont speak with your mouth full. 不要满嘴巴食物说话。H