考研辅导教材编写11.docx

1、考研辅导教材编写11考研英语基础知识复习主讲人：徐剑平根据考研大纲要求考生必备语法有以下几个方面：1. 名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法2. 动词时态和语态的构造及用法3. 形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法4. 常用连接词的词义及其用法5. 虚拟语气的构成及其用法6. 各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等）及其强调句式的构造及其用法7. 倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法8. 常用介词等用法The world has changed, and we must change with it.英语语法和词汇是学好、考好英语的重要基础，其实完形填空是对语法、词汇的综合考查，但更关键的是学好此

2、部分有助于对英语句子结构的分析和理解，有助于学生掌握灵活多变的句式，这样不仅有助于学生做好阅读理解，而且有助于学生做好英译汉，写好作文。 构成句子的成分共分为九种：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，状语，补语，同位语和插入语。一 主语，句子的核心主体，通常谓语谓语动词之后，表明一个句子是谁或何种情况所发出执行或是承受的。通常做主语的是名词，代词，主语从句，V+ing, to do 五种1 名词： Success is the result of good judgment. Life lights the candle of hope.2. 代词 We live and learn I doubt, t

3、herefore I think. I think, therefore I am.3. 主语从句 How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is What is worth doing is worth doing well.4. 现在分词 V+ing Losing can be a real beginning Believing in yourself is the secret of success.5. To do To light the candle of heart is better

4、than to curse the darkness of the outside world. To know is wisdom and to do is a skill二 谓语：描述或阐述主语的情况，有动词来充当，常位于主语之后1. 表状态用系动词 Life is full of ups and downs. Life is hope and hope is life.2. 表动作用及物或不及物动词 Many hands make light work I came I saw I conquered.3. 表拥有，人或物时用，have, has ,无生命的拥有; there be Ev

5、ery dog has its day. In a full heart, there is room for everything.4.情态动词 + 动词原形 A man may die, nations may fall, but an idea lives on. I am supposed to have done what I should do last week.三，宾语：及物动词或介词所指向的对象。常做宾语的有名词、宾语从句、复合结构、v+ing、to do 五种。1.名词 Reading enriches our mind. Haste makes waste2 宾语从句 G

6、oals determine what you are going to be Temptation discovers what we are.3. 复合结构 If you lack confidence you will find it hard to win.4. V+ing You are never a loser until you quit trying Reading is like opening a window to the outside world5. To +do Winners expect to win in advance One should learn t

7、o forgive.四 表语：接在系动词后，补充说明主语的情况又称为主语补足语。常做表语的有名词、形容词、V+ing、To +do、从句1 名词Life is not a bed of rosesToday is our only sure possession2. 形容词 Time is fleeting and art is long Change is constant3. v+ing Courage is doing what others think you cant do Life is painting a picture, not doing a sum4. To do To

8、change attitude is to change life The proper function of man is to live, and not to exist5 从句 The real measure of success is how happy we are. Love is what links two souls.五 定语：修饰名词或类似于名词的词。一般翻译为“。，的”，表示事物性质或状态，分为前置或后置。常做定语的有形容词、名词、V+ing、To do、从句五种1.形容词A warm smile is the universal languageEach mome

9、nt in history is a fleeting time.2 名词Adversity teaches one a great deal about survival skillsLife education is the basis for success in the knowledge society3. V+ing Failure is a learning experience. The starting point of all achievement is desire4. To+ do There is no time to lose. Ones greatest pow

10、er is the power to choose5定语从句 That is a good book which is opened with expectation and closed with profit Success is a process that never ends.六状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句的词或句。作状语的有副词、状语从句、状语从-句省略结构、to do、V+ing、V-ed1. 副词 One should have clearly defined goals. Excellency is doing ordinary things extraordinary

11、 well Clearly, ones fate is in his/her own hands.2. 状语从句 When an opportunity is neglected, it never comes back to you. Nothing is ordinary if one knows how to use it.3. 状语从句省略结构 If possible, go after your dream forever4. to do To associate with friends, one should be honest and open.To help higher,

12、one can draw back5. V+ing Lacking a clear world outlook, life becomes a kind of burden Bad books are poison, doing harm to ones heart soul6. V+ed United, we stand; divided, we fall. Well done, the smallest task becomes a miracle of achievement.七补语; 主语补足语，宾语补足语（常做宾补的是形容词和to do） 1. 形容词 Histories make

13、men wiseWork make a man whose a job is dull happier than those who have nothing to do with their days 2. to do Difficulties train one to be great Motive urges one to make progress八; 同位语; 句子中的两种成分表达同一种概念，即A=B称之为同位语，常做同位语的有名词和从句两种1.名词： We should make full use of today, the hope of tomorrow Never give

14、up your dream, the source of happiness.2. 从句 Failure is a sign that one should explore other opportunities. The fact that you have tried your best is in itself a big victory.九句子类型根据类型句子可分为四种：简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句1简单句：一个句子中只包含一个主谓或者由并列连接词来连接两个或两个以上的谓语或主语 Everyone influences someone and is influenced by s

15、omeone Ambition and perseverance are two substantial factors of success.2. 并列句，由并列词连接的两个简单句。（and, but, or ） In a full heart there is room for everything and in an empty heart there is room for nothing Problems never stop but people stop problem3复合句：由从属连词引导的从句修饰主句，根据意义可分为：名词从句（主、宾、表、同位）、形容词从句（定语从句）、副

16、词从句（状语从句） The present moment is the best gift that you give yourselfWhen you are good to others, you are best to yourself 4并列复合句：在并列当中出现了复合句 We are natures greatest miracle and we have dreams and ambitions which are important to everyone.第一节 时 态 一、一般现在时 一般现在时通常表示习惯动作、一般状态、客观规律和永恒真理。He always gets up

17、 late on Sundays.（习惯动作） The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. （客观规律） 二、现在进行时 “在” is/are doing, is/are being done现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作, 也表示目前一段时间内正在进行的活动。They are putting up/putting down the pictures. 但是有时也表示频繁，反复出现的习惯性动作，表示说话人的某种感情，如赞扬、遗憾、讨厌等 He is always quarrelling with othersShe is constant

18、ly worrying about her sons study.注意： 现在进行时也可表示将来的动作: 它指按人们的计划、安排将要发生的动作或指即将开始的动作。Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow. /I am coming/going. 三、现在完成时 “已经” have/has done, have/has been done现在完成时表示目前已完成的动作或刚刚完成的动作。 The conference（会议=meeting） has lasted for five days. （已完成的动作） Physical vitality has been increa

19、sed by improved nutrition. 还有up to (till) now, so far, these days, for, since 等(后接一段时间的短语), We havent seen each other again since we graduated in 1987. The last revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. That kind of electronic spying has been going on for decades.

20、 In the past three or four years, the World Wide Web has given birth to a whole industry of point and-click spying. 四、一般过去时 “过，了，” did/ v+ed/were, was等 一般过去时表示过去某个特定时间发生且一下子就完成的动作, 也可表示过去习惯性的动作。一般过去时不强调动作对现在的影响, 只说明过去。 He smoked forty cigarettes a day until he gave up. (习惯性的动作) 1. 一般过去时常与表示过去的时间状语或从

21、句连用, 如yesterday, last week, in 1993, at that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when 等。 2.“used to动词原形”表示“过去常常”而现在已停止的习惯动作。 He used to work fourteen hours a day. (过去常常) 区别“used to”和“be used to”。后者意为“习惯于”, to为介词, 后跟名词或动名词。 She is used to hard work. /she is used to swimming in summer.

22、 /When he was young he used to swim in the river.五、过去进行时 “过去某个时间在。” was/were doing, was/were being doneBill was coughing all night long. （过去反复发生） Two of the glasses were broken when they were being washed 六、过去完成时 had done/had been done 过去成时表示过去某时之前已完成的动作或状况。在时间上, 它属于“过去的过去”。 By the end of the war, t

23、he small workshop had become a large factory. I had just poured myself a cup of tea when the phone rang. When I came back from answering it, the cup was empty. Somebody had drunk the tea or thrown it away.七、一般将来时 “将，要，会，打算” will/shall do , will/shall be done 一般将来时表示某个将来时间会发生的动作或情况。 He will take part

24、 in/participate in an important race across the Atlantic. （将来发生） The students will have five English classes per week this term. （将来反复） be going to, be to, be about to表示打算、计划、安排和即将要发生的动作。will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的动作或情况。 八、将来进行时 will/shall be doing 将来时间时表示将来某时正在发生或持续的动作。其构成: will + be+动词的现在分词。 Ill be r

25、eading this time tomorrow. （将来正在进行） Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.（持续） 九、将来完成时 will/shall have done, will/shall have been done. 将来完成时表示将来某时前已完成的动作, 它与可用来表示推测。 They will have stayed here for five months next week. （将来完成） By the end of next month, they will h

26、ave studied twenty passages. （推测）By the end of next year, many more high-rises will have been built around there. 十、现在完成进行时 “一直在”have/has been doing现在完成时间时表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作。此动作或情况可能已停止, 也可能继续下经也可表示刚结束的动作。 Ive been waiting for an hour but she still hasnt come. 十一，过去将来时。 过去将来时的基本结构是：would +doThey ne

27、ver knew that population would become a big problem.He refused to tell us whether he would undertake the job.When we were young, we would help each other with our homework.十二。 时态的呼应1. 如果主句是过去时态，从句的时态往往也是过去的时态。I found that my cheating in the English test was reported to my parents that very evening.S

28、he answered the door, carrying a magazine she had been reading.Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.练习：1. _ last year and is now earning=making his living as an advertising agent. A. He would heave school C. He had left school B. He left school D. He has le

29、ft school 2. We _ each other for ten years. A. had known C. have been knowing B. have known D. know 3. They fulfilled=finished the plan earlier than they _ . A. have expected B. expected C. were expecting D. had expected 4. Will she finish the work soon? Yes, she _ by next Friday. A. shall finish B.

30、 finish C. rains D. will have finished 5. It _ almost every day so far this month. A. is raining B. rained C. rains D. has been raining 6. He _ in a small workshop, but now he is the head of a big business company. A. used to working B. was used to work C. used to work D. was used to working 7. My grandmother _ rural life. A. has used to B. used to C. is used to D. uses to 8. In 1950, she was the largest ship that _ . A. was ever built B. has ever built C. has ever been built D. had ever been built 9. The house suddenly collapsed while it _ down. A. was pulled