被动语态.docx

1、被动语态被动语态学习导航被动语态较为复杂,与汉语中的被动语态有较大差别,因此应注意与汉语进行对比,找出异同点,避免汉语对英语的负迁移。学习过程中要注意以下几点：1.常用各种时态的被动语态及谓语部分有情态动词的被动语态。2.短语动词变成被动语态的情况3.不能用被动语态的情况。4.被动结构与系表结构的区别5.主动结构表示被动意义的情况。语法视窗语态是动词的一种形式,它是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的,主要用来说明主语和谓语动词之间的具体关系。英语中有主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的执行者;被动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。一 被动语态的构成被动语态的基本

2、构成是:be+及物动词的过去分词。其人称、数和时态的变化都是通过be动词的不同形式表现出来的。1各种时态的被动语态与主动语态一样,被动语态也有各种时态形式,各种时态的被动语态构成如下所示(以动词ask为例):一般现在时 am/is/are asked一般过去时was/were asked一般将来时shall/ will be asked过去将来时should/ would be asked现在进行时am/is/are being asked过去进行时was/were being asked现在完成时have/has been asked过去完成时had been asked(1)一般现在时Th

3、is machine is made in China.这台机器是中国制造的。These babies are looked after well here.这些宝宝在这里被照顾得很好(2)一般过去时I was brought up by my aunt.我是姑姑带大的。The windows in our classroom were broken yesterday.昨天我们教室的窗户被打破了。(3)一般将来时I shall be given a chance to play in this game again.我将获得再一次参赛的机会。When will the work be fin

4、ished?这项工作什么时候能完成?(4)过去将来时They were told that they would be sent to the army when they finished training.他们被告知训练结束后,他们将被派往部队。He said he would be invited to speak at the meeting他说过他将被邀请在会上发言。(5)现在进行时The documentary explains that these tigers are being killed for their skinand bones.这部纪录片讲述为了得到老虎的皮和骨头

5、,人们正在捕杀老虎Are the rooms being painted?这些房间正在被粉刷吗?(6)过去进行时He was being operated on then.那时他正在接受手术。Last week my TV set was being repaired in the shop.上周,我的电视机正在这家店里维修。(7)现在完成时All these products have been tested.所有这些产品都经过测试了Has the sports meeting been put off until next Friday?运动会已经推迟到下周五了吗?(8)过去完成时He s

6、aid the book had been translated into several languages.他说这本书已被译成若干种语言了When we got there, we found the house had been burnt into ashes.当我们到达那里时,我们发现那所房子已被大火烧成了灰烬。2被动语态的各种句式(1)肯定句式主语+be+及物动词的过去分词(+by.)English is spoken by many people.许多人说英语。I was invited to the concert.我被邀请参加音乐会了。(2)否定句式主语+be+not+及物动

7、词的过去分词(+by.)The cake isnt made by his mother.那个蛋糕不是他妈妈做的。The wounded man has not been sent to hospital in time.那个受伤的人没有被及时送往医院。3)一般疑问句式Be+主语+及物动词的过去分词(+by.)?被动语态的疑问句形式是在肯定句的基础上,把be动词提到句首,句末加问号构成的。其肯定回答与否定回答分别为“Yes,主语+be.”和“No, 主语+ be not.”。Is the kite made by Li Ming?这只风筝是李明做的吗Yes, it is.是的,它是。, It,

8、 isn t.不,不是Was Mary asked to sing the first song at the party?玛丽被邀请在聚会上唱第一首歌吗? (4)特殊疑问句式疑问词+be(+主语)+及物动词的过去分词(+b).?When was the football team set up?这支足球队是什么时候成立的?What was stolen last night?昨晚什么东西被偷了?3. 谓语部分含有情态动词的被动语态的各种句式谓语部分含有情态动词的被动语态的构成是:情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词。肯定句式主语+情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词(+by.).Teenager

9、s should be allowed to choose their own clothes.青少年应该被允许选择他们自己的服装The room must be kept clean.这个房间必须保持干净。(2)否定句式主语+情态动词+not+be+及物动词的过去分词(+by.)These books mustnt be taken out of the reading room.这些书不能被带出阅览室。These clothes needn t be washed.这些衣服不必洗(3)一般疑问句式情态动词十主语+be+及物动词的过去分词(+by.).?谓语部分含情态动词的被动语态的疑问句形

10、式是在肯定句的基础上,把情态动词提到句首,句末加问号构成的。Must all the rooms be tidied up?所有的房间都必须整理好吗?Yes, they must.是的,必须整理好。Should I be allowed to make my own decision?应该允许我自己作决定吗?(4)特殊疑问句式疑问词+情态动词(十主语)+be及物动词的过去分词(+by.)When can my computer be repaired?我的电脑什么时候能修好?Who might be elected principal of the university?谁可能被选为这所大学的

11、校长?二、被动语态的用法一般说来,主动与被动的选用,应根据具体的情况而定。通常,主动结构用得比较多,也比较自然。但下面几种情况一般用被动语态1. 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁Some new computers were stolen last night.一些新电脑昨晚被盗了Such books are written for children.这类书是为儿童编写的。2强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者当强调动作的承受者,将承受者作为谈话中心时,常用被动语态。这类句子常有一个by引导的短语说明动作的执行者,有时也可省略by短语。The baby is being looked a

12、fter by her grandmother.这个宝宝正由她奶奶照看着。Our English teacher is respected by all of us.我们的英语老师受到我们所有人的尊敬。3动作的执行者很模糊当动作的执行者是泛指时(如 people、one等),常用被动语态。It is believed that on December 21st, 1891, the first basketball game inhistory was played.人们认为历史上的第一场篮球比赛于1891年12月21日举行The song is said to be very popular

13、 abroad.据说这首歌在国外很流行。The letter has been opened.这封信被人拆开了。4有时出于礼貌,避免说出动作的执行者出于礼貌,有时不便提到动作的执行者,此时用被动语态。动作的执行者有可能是别人也有可能是自己。The window was broken this morning.今天早上窗户被打碎了。They have been told many times not to make noises.有人多次告诉他们不要吵闹。It is hoped that such things would not happen again.希望这样的事不会再发生。三、主动语态变

14、被动语态主动语态变被动语态时,一般将主动句的宾语变为被动句的主语,主动句的谓语动词变为“be+过去分词”形式,主动句的主语变为被动句中的by短语。主动句的主语和宾语若为人称代词,变被动语态时要相应做主格宾格的变化。英语中,除了这种最基本的“主语十谓语+宾语”句式可变为被动语态,还有下面的几种构成也可变为被动语态形式1“主语十谓语十间接宾语十直接宾语”型“主语十谓语十间接宾语十直接宾语”结构变为被动语态时,可以将两个宾语中的任何一个宾语作为被动句的主语。一般把间接宾语(表示人的词)作为被动句主语,而把直接宾语(表示物的词)作为保留宾语。如果把直接宾语作为被动句的主语,间接宾语作为保留宾语时,间接

15、宾语的前面通常根据情况加上介词to或for。Hell be 12 years old next month. His father will give him a new bike as abirthday present on that day-Hell be 12 years old next month. A new bike will be given to him as abirthday present on that day by his father-Hell be 12 years old next month. He will be given a new bike as

16、abirthday present on that day by his father.下个月他就12岁了。生日那天,他父亲将把一辆新自行车作为生日礼物送给他。His mother bought him a new coatHe was bought a new coat by his motherA new coat was bought for him by his mother.他妈妈给他买了一件新外套。2“主语十谓语十宾语十宾语补足语”型“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”结构转变为被动语态时,主动句中的宾语变为主语,宾语补足语形式及位置都不发生变化,但相应地成为主语补足语。其被动结构是:

17、主语+谓语(被动式)+主语补足语(+by短语)。We made Mr. White leader of the team.Mr. White was made leader of the team(by us)怀特先生被(我们)选为组长。People usually call me Jim for short-I am usually called Jim for short(by people)我常常被(人)直呼为吉姆。They asked Mike to write at once.-Mike was asked to write at once(by them). 迈克被(他们)要求立刻

18、写。特别提示：主动句式中的宾语补足语是省略to的不定式时,改为被动语态时要加上不定式符号He made the baby laughThe baby was made to laugh(by him)那个宝宝被(他)逗笑了We saw him enter the office building.He was seen to enter the office building (by us)(我们)看见他进了办公楼。3谓语是短语动词型谓语是短语动词的被动结构是:主语十谓语(被动式)十介词/副词(+by短语)。在将谓语是短语动词的主动句转换成被动句时,原短语动词中的介词或副词不能遗漏We have

19、 sent for a doctor. A doctor has been sent for(by us).(我们)已经派人去请医生了。I turned off the radio just now.The radio was turned off just now(by me).收音机刚才被(我)关掉了They are taking good care of the children.The children are being taken good care of(by them).孩子们正在受到(他们)很好的照顾4宾语为从句型宾语为从句的主动句变为被动语态时,常用形式主语it作被动句的主

20、语,变为“It+be+过去分词+原来的宾语从句”结构。有的还可变为“sb./sth.+be+过去分词+to do”结构。They say Professor Yuan is one of the richest people in China.-It is said that Professor Yuan is one of the richest people in China.-Professor Yuan is said to be one of the richest people in China.据说袁教授是中国最富有的人之People believe that Jim never

21、 tells lies.It is believed that Jim never tells lies. Jim is believed never to tell lies.人们相信吉姆从不说谎。以下是该种被动语态形式的常见结构It is said that.据说It is believed that.据信It is reported that.据报道 It is thought that.认为It is hoped that.有望It is known that.众所周知5祈使句的被动语态肯定形式的祈使句变成被动语态,结构为“Let+宾语+be+过去分词否定形式的祈使句变成被动语态,结构

22、为“Dont+let+宾语+be+过去分词”或“Let+宾语+ not be+过去分词”。Keep the book where it is.-Let the book be kept where it is把书留在原来的地方。Dont put the tools here.- -Dont let the tools be put here. o Let the tools not be put here.不要把工具放在这里。四、被动语态的注意事项1不能用被动语态的情况(1)某些用表示状态的及物动词作谓语的句子不能用被动语态, 某些用表示状态的及物动词,如have(有)、fit(适合)、sui

23、t(适合)、hold(容纳)、cost(价格为)、last(持续)等作谓语的句子不能用被动语态They have a nice car.他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。How much does it cost?它值多少钱?The hall can hold 1000 people.这个大厅可以容纳1000人Her successful career lasted for about forty years.她成功的事业持续了大约40年(2) there be结构、主系表结构、不及物动词或have作谓语的句子都不能用被动语态There are12 months in a year.一年中有12个月。He

24、 is a teacher.他是名教师His voice rose.他提高了嗓门。We have three meals a day.我们一天吃三顿饭The children are having a good time.孩子们正玩得高兴。(3)动词 leave(离开)、 enter(进入)、join(参加)等作谓语的句子不可用被动语态The car left the road and hit a tree.车子离开了道路,撞上了一棵树。He joined the army in 2005.他是2005年参军的。(不可说 The army was joined in2005.)(4)宾语是不定

25、式或动名词的句子,不可用被动语态Peter hoped to meet her.彼得希望见到她。Mr Smith enjoys playing chess with his son.史密斯先生喜欢和他儿子下棋。(5)宾语是反身代词或相互代词的句子,不可用被动语态She can dress herself.她可以自己穿衣服。We could hardly see each other in the fog.在雾中我们几乎看不见对方。6)宾语带有与主语有呼应关系的物主代词的句子,不可用被动语态The old man broke his legs.那位老人把自己的腿弄伤了The girl shook

26、 her head.那个女孩摇了摇头。(7)某些短语作谓语的句子不用被动语态某些短语,如 make up one s mind(下定决心)、 do ones best(尽最大努力)、 make faces(做鬼脸)、 take place(发生)等作句子的谓语时,句子不可用被动语态。The boy often makes faces at class.这个男孩经常在课堂上做鬼脸。Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years.在过去的10年里,我的家乡发生了巨大变化2主动形式表示被动意义(1)在表示“需要”

27、之意的词后面用主动形式表示被动意义在表示“需要”之意的need、want、 require等词的后面,动名词用主动形式表示被动含义,其含义相当于不定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing/ to be repaired.这所房子需要修理My clothes want washing/ to be washed.我的衣服需要洗了。(2) worth后面跟动名词主动式表示被动意义The picture book is well worth reading.这本图画书很值得一看Such a man as Mr Smith is not worth helping像史密斯先生

28、那样的人不值得帮助。3)某些不定式的主动形式表示被动意义当nice、 easy, fit、hard、 difficult、 important、 impossible、 pleasant、interesting等形容词后跟不定式作状语,形容词说明不定式的特征或性质,而且句子的主语又是不定式的逻辑宾语时,常用不定式的主动形式表达被动含义。The question is easy to answer.这个问题很容易回答Sometimes, business English is hard to understand有时,商务英语很难理解。当不定式在名词后面作定语,不定式和被修饰的名词之间有动宾关系

29、,且与作主语的名词或代词有主谓关系时,用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义I have a lot of work to do today.我今天有很多工作要做。(todo与I有主谓关系)He has three children to look after他有三个孩子要照看。( to look after与he有主谓关系)特别提示；如果上面的例句用不定式的被动形式,其含义通常暗示不定式表示的动作不是句子主语执行的。I have some clothes to be washed.我有些衣服要洗。(衣服不是I洗)I will go to the supermarket. Do you have an

30、ything to be bought？我要去超市,你有什么东西要买吗?(东西不是you买,而是I买)在 there be.句型中,当不定式修饰名词作定语时,不定式用主动或被动式,其含义没有区别There is a lot of homework to do/ to be done.有很多家庭作业要做。There are some clothes to wash/ to be washed.有些衣服要洗。(4)由介词for、on、 above、 under等构成的短语有时可以表达被动含义His paintings will be on show tomorrow afternoon. (- H

31、is paintings will be shown tomorrow afternoon.)他的绘画作品明天下午展出。My car is under repair.(= My car is being repaired.)我的车正在被维修。(5)系动词用主动形式表示被动含义表示感官意义的系动词,如smell(闻起来)、feel(摸起来)、 taste(尝起来)look(看起来)、 sound(听起来)等,在句中常用主动形式表达被动含义。The flowers smell sweet.这些花儿闻起来很香Our school looks more beautiful than before.我们学校看上去比以前更漂亮了。(6)表示开始、结束类的动词用主动形式表示被动含义表示开始、结束类的动词,如 start(开始)、 begin(开始)、open(开)、 close(关)、 finish(完成)、stop(停止)、en