高考第一轮复习语法复习非谓语动词.docx

1、高考第一轮复习语法复习非谓语动词高三第一轮复习语法专项：非谓语动词（一）导入：1）She took her son, ran out of the house, _ him in the car and drove quickly to the nearest doctors office. A. put B. to putC. putting D. having put陷阱：容易误选B或C，误认为这考查非谓语动词的用法。分析：正确答案选A。句中的took, ran, put, drove 为四并列的谓语动词，其时态应一致。类似地如（答案选A）：2）I got out of the taxi,

2、 _ the fare and dashed into the station.A. paid B. payingC. to pay D. having paid但是，下面一题稍有不同：3） Hearing the news, he rushed out, _ the book _ on the table and disappeared into the distance. A. left; lain open B. leaving; lying openC. leaving; lie opened D. left; lay opened此题答案选B，leaving 在此表结果，lying

3、open 与其前的动词leave有关，leave 后接现在分词作宾语补足语，表示使某人或某物处于做某事的状态中。3） The boss insisted that every minute _ made full use of _ the work well.A. be, to do B. was, doingC. be, doing D. was, to do陷阱：容易误选B。分析：其实正确答案是A。分析如下：（1） 第一空填 be，是因为insisted 后接that从句，从句谓语要用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气，其中的should也可省略。（2） 第二空要填to do，是因为

4、此句谓语为被动语态，假若将此句转换成主动语态，则是 should make full use of every minute to do the work well, 句中涉及 make use of to do sth （利用做某事）这一结构。另外，还有 make the most of （尽量利用），make the best of （尽量利用）等短语也可能用于此类试题。请看以下类似例子：4）The old professor told us every part of the materials should be made use of _ the power station.A. t

5、o build B. buildingC. build D. built此题答案选 A，不是 B。为便于理解，可先考虑以下结构：make use of every part of the materials to build the power station由此可见，make use of 的宾语是 every part of the materials，其后的不定式 to build the power station 为目的状语。5）Does the way you thought of _ the water clean make any sense?A. making B. to m

6、akeC. how to make D. having made6）A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked选B，译为“如果厨师被发现在厨房里抽烟，他将被立马解雇”。因为厨师被发现在抽烟，一定是被发现正在抽烟，所以要用ing形式表示正在进行 7）_ the house on fire, he dialed 911.A. To see B. Seeing C. Seen D. Having seenSeeing 看见着火了，

7、他打了119 如果用Having seen表示先看见，再打。但是打的时候看不见了，显然不对 非谓语动词一、非谓语动词的句法功能名称语 法 功 能 主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式动名词现在分词过去分词二、动词不定式复习中应注意的几个问题动词不定式的形式变化：动词不定式有下列时态和语态的形式变化语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主 动to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building 被 动to be buildto have been build动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和

8、谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us play table tennis.（同时）；（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：I am sorryto have kept you waiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the roo

9、m when I came in.1. 作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other.2. 不定式作表语与“be + to do sth.”的异同。不定式作表语说明主语的内容或性质。His job is to guard.(说明内容)be + to do sth.(表示按计划要做的事)作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与

10、表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我们的计划是给农民子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的谓语动词为is，动词不定式to set up 为表语，主语为plan，但plan并不是动词不定式的逻辑主语，即动词不定式 to set up所表示的动作不是主语plan产生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我们将为农民的子弟再成立一所中学。（句中的are to

11、set up整个结构为句中谓语，主语为we，同时也是动词不定式to set up所表示的动作的逻辑主语，即动词不定式to set up所表示的动作是由we产生的）。3. 用带to的不定式作宾语的词语。下列词语常用带to 的不定式作宾语：afford、promise、refuse、expect、hope、learn、offer、wish、want、fail、plan、agree、forget、like、prefer、decide、manage、try、arrange、determine、desire等。下列动词后可接疑问词+带to不定式：teach、decide、wonder、show、lear

12、n、forget、ask、find out、advise、discuss等。作宾语： 作及物动词的宾语，如：She wishes to be a musician.； 作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.； 动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice

13、on what to do next?经典例题：1） Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what we could _ a good college.A. enter B. to enterC. entering D. entered陷阱：容易误选A。有的同学一看到空格前的情态动词 could 就断定此处应填动词原形 enter。分析：其实正确答案应是B。此句为省略句，即在 could 后省略了动词 do，若把句子补完整应为Everyone in our class was working hard and doing what

14、we could do to enter a good college。即句中的不定式短语（to enter a good college）是用作目的状语的，而不是与情态动词（could）一起构成谓语。请再看类似例句：（1） They did what they could to comfort her. 他们尽量安慰她。（2） They did everything they could to save her life. 他们尽一切力量拯救她的性命。（3） He studies as hard as he could to catch up with his classmates. 他拼命

15、学习以便赶上他的同学。值得指出的是，这也并不是说今后只要遇到类似结构的题就一定选带to不定式。请看以下试题：2）He ran as fast as he could _ to catch the early bus.A. to hope B. hopeC. hoping D. hoped此题的答案是 C不是A，其中的现在分词短语 hoping to catch the early bus 用作伴随状语。3）He spent every minute he could _ spoken English.A. practise B. to practiseC. practising D. prac

16、tised此题答案选 C，这与前面动词 spent 的搭配有关，即 spend （in） doing sth。若将此句补充完整，即为 He spent every minute he could spend in practising spoken English.4）Before going abroad he devoted all he could _D_ his oral English.A. improve B. to improveC. improving D. to improving此题答案选D，注意两点：一是 devote to 是固定搭配，意为“把贡献给”；二是其中的 to

17、 是介词，不是不定式符号，后接动词时要用动名词。3. 如何理解和使用不定式作宾补。动词see、watch、notice、hear、listen to、observe、feel、taste、smell、make、let、have等的宾补用动词原形，变被动时要加to,此时的不定式就是主语补足语。常用带to的不定式作宾补的几种情况：（1）主语 + ask / require / tell / order / force / get / want / like + sb.to do sth.（2）主语 + think / judge / suppose / believe / consider /im

18、agine/consider / feel + sb. + to be/ to have done（3）主语 + call on / upon / depend on / wait for / ask for + sb.+ to do sth.作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.动词不定式在句中

19、作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：I dont think it right to do it that way. 经典例题：1） He knows nothing about it, so he cant help _ any of your work. A. doing B. to doC. being doing D. to be done陷阱：容易误选B，根据 cant help doing sth 这一结构推出。分析：其实答案应选A。比较以下结构：cant help to do sth = 不能帮助做某事cant help doing sth

20、 = 禁不住做某事，情不自禁地做某事又如下面一题，答案也是 B：She cant help _ the house because shes busy making a cake.A cleaning B. to cleanC. cleaned D. being cleaned再请看以下试题：2） While shopping, people sometimes cant help _ into buying something they dont really need.A. to persuade B. persuadingC. being persuaded D. be persuade

21、d此题应选C，句中的 cant help 意为“禁不住”（注意根据句意用被动形式）。3） Both of my parents insisted _ a computer for me, but I dont think it is necessary.A. to buy B. buyingC. on buying D. in buying陷阱：容易误选B，误认为insist后不能接不定式，但可以接动名词。分析：答案应选C。其实，动词 insist 后既不能接不定式也不能接动名词，因为insist 通常用作不及物动词；若语义上需接宾语，要借助介词 on或upon，即用于 insist on u

22、pon （doing） sth；但它有时的确也可用作及物动词，不过其宾语通常只能是 that 从句，而不能是普通的名词、代词或动名词。如：He insisted on seeing her home. 他坚持送她回家。I insisted that he （should） stay. 我坚持要他留下。4） “Do you have anything more _, sir?” “No. You can have a rest or do something else.”A. typing B. to be typedC. typed D. to type陷阱：容易误选D，根据 have sth

23、 to do 这一常用结构推出。分析：最佳答案是B。确实，在“have+宾语+不定式”结构中，用作定语的不定式通常用主动式表示被动含义，如 I have some clothes to wash等，即尽管其中的 some clothes 与其后的不定式 to wash 具有被动关系，但却习惯上用主动式表示被动意义。但值得指出的是，这类句型的主语与其后的不定式具有主动关系，如 I have some clothes to wash 中的 to wash 就是由该句主语 I 来完成的。而上面一题的情形有所不同，即其中的 to type 这一动作不是由句子主语 you来完成的，而是由说话者“我”来完

24、成的。比较：Are you going to Shanghai? Do you have anything to take to your son? 你要去上海吗？你有什么东西要带给你儿子吗？Im going to Shanghai next week. I have a lot of things to take with me. 下个星期我要去上海，我随身要带很多东西去。4. 不定式作定语的特殊用法。下列词语后常接不定式作定语：chance、wish、right、courage、need、promise、time、opportunity、way、the first、the second、t

25、he last、the only等。不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。There is no one to look after her.不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。She is now looking for a room to live in.作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 和定语用的动词不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要用必要的介词，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修饰的名词为place, time, way，不定式后面的

26、介词，习惯上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live.5. 不定式作状语的用法。不定式作状语，修饰动词，在句中表示行为目的、结果、原因。only to do表示出人意料的结果。We hurried to the classroom only to find none there .in order(not)to, so as(not)to用来引导目的状语,enough, too, so as to do, such + 名词 as to do作结果状语，如:The girl was so kind as to help th

27、e old man off the bus.Im not such a fool as to believe that.作状语：动词不定式可以作下列的状语： 目的状语： Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to（以便或为了），但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to （so as to） improve her En

28、glish. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. 结果状语：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他们活到亲眼见到了他们家乡的解放。 too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式，表示“足能”的结果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now.6. 不定式的完成时的特殊用法。表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。The novel

29、 was said to have been published.I regret to have been with you for so many years.seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。此外，glad、happy、satisfied、sorry、surprised、disappointed后也接完成时，但要注意与一般时的区别。Im sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.对不起，请稍等。（说话时还未等很久）I

30、m sorry to have kept you waiting.对不起，让你久等了。（说话时已等了很久）不定式的完成时还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。（A）should like to / would like to / would love to + 不定式的完成时。（B）was / were to + 不定式的完成时，表示该做某事或想做但未实现。（C）expect / hope / mean / promise / suppose / think / want/ wish + 不定式的完成时，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。复合结构不定式：由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定

31、式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.7. 不定式的省略。 同一结构并列由and或or连接。I want to finish my homework and go home.Im really puzzled wh