国家电网专业技术人员电力英语水平考试补全短文.docx

1、国家电网专业技术人员电力英语水平考试补全短文P1 Functions of power transmissionThe function of (power transmission) is to send power from power plants to load center or to exchange power between networks in order to attain the generation-consumption balance or the supply-demand balance between (power networks). Power tran

2、smission is completed by step-up substations, (step-down substations and connected transmission equipment). The transmission line mainly consists of the transmission conductors (transmission at high voltage) can reduce the line loss and the voltage drop, ensure the power quality, raise the economy o

3、f (power network operation). The increase of transmission line voltage can not only raise the amount of transmitted power, but also reduce the line loss and line voltage drop, and improve the voltage quality.功率传输功能（输电）的功能是要把电力从发电厂负荷中心或功率交换网络之间为了达到代消费平衡或供求之间的平衡（电网）。电力传输是通过升压变电站完成，（降压变电站和连接传输设备）。输电线路主

4、要由输电导线（高压输电），可以减少线路损耗和电压降，保证电能质量，提高经济性（电网运行）。输电线路电压的增加不仅可以提高输电线路的传输功率，而且可以降低线路损耗和线路压降，提高电压质量。A . step-down substations and connected transmission equipment降压变电站和连接传输设备B. power network operation 电网运行C. power transmission 功率传输D. transmission at high voltage 高压直流输电E. power networks一。 电力网络P2 A brief int

5、roduction on the development of supercritical boilers and their main advantagesIn ( some advanced countries )such as U.S.A, Japan and European countries, the supercritical boiler has been developed since the 60s of last century. It has been proved by data and experience, the supercritical unit has (

6、great advantages on economy and environmental protection). As for its reliability, because the steam-water flow passages in supercritical boiler is same as that in the (subcritical once-through boiler), there isnt anything special, But as far as hydraulic characteristic, a symbol of reliability, is

7、concerned, in a supercritical boiler, under supercritical condition, medium is of single phase which has a (good homogenization of distribution). So that the problem caused by uneven distribution of steam phase and water phase can be avoided. It is admitted that, if (whole process management is stre

8、ngthened), both supercritical and subcritical units can get an excellent reliability index.超临界锅炉的发展及其主要优点在（发达国家）如美国，日本和欧洲国家，超临界锅炉已自上世纪60年代以来发达。数据和经验证明，超临界机组具有经济和环境保护的巨大优势。作为其可靠性，因为在超临界锅炉的水蒸汽流通道相同的作为，在的（亚临界直流锅炉），那里是没什么特别，但至于水力特性，可靠性的象征，有关，在超临界锅炉，超临界条件下，介质是单相（良好的同质化分布）。从而避免了汽相、水相分布不均造成的问题。这是承认，如果（全过程管

9、理加强），超临界和亚临界机组可以得到一个极好的可靠性指标。A. good homogenization of distribution 良好的均匀分布B. some advanced countries一些发达国家C. whole process management is strengthened全过程管理加强D. great advantages on economy and environmental protection具有经济和环境保护的巨大优势E. subcritical once-through boiler亚临界直流锅炉P3 Circuit breakerCircuit bre

10、akers are automatically operated high voltage (or high current) switches. Circuit breakers are required (to control electrical power networks) by switching circuits on, by carrying load and by switching circuits off under manual or automatic supervision. Their duty is as follows: In closed position

11、the circuit breaker must be a good conductor for the normal load current. In operating the circuit breaker must be able contacts shall have full insulation level. At operation the circuit breaker must close be able (to switch the current which can be from a few amperes) to many thousands of amperes,

12、 and independently of the characteristics from purely inductive to fully capacitive. At closing operation the circuit breaker must close fast and be safe also against full short circuit conditions. They must, therefore, be effective instantaneously when are called upon (to perform any switching oper

13、ation after long periods )without movement. As the circuit breaker is the last link in the chain of protective equipment, the circuit breaker reliability is (of the highest importance for high reliability )of the total electric power system. So the importance (of the circuit breaker ) cannot be over

14、 emphasized.断路器断路器是自动操作高压（或大电流）开关。断路器是必需的（以控制电力网络）的开关电路，通过负载和开关电路的手动或自动监控。他们的职责如下：在闭合位置，断路器必须是正常负载电流的良好导体。在操作断路器必须能够接触应具有完全的绝缘水平。在操作断路器必须关闭能（开关电流可从几安培到几千安培），和独立的特点，从纯感性充分电容。在关断操作时，断路器必须要关闭快速，并能安全地进行全短路工况。因此，他们必须是有效的瞬间被调用时（长时间）执行任何切换操作不运动。断路器是保护设备链中的最后一个环节，其可靠性是全电力系统中（最高）的可靠性。因此，重要性（断路器）不能过分强调。A. to

15、perform any switching operation after long periods在长时间后执行任何切换操作B. to control electrical power networks控制电力网C. of the circuit breaker断路器的D. to switch the current which can be from a few amperes开关的电流可从几安培E. (of the highest importance for high reliability高可靠性的最高重要性P4 Fuel cellsFuel cells are devices th

16、at when a fuel such as hydrogen or hydrogen-rich compounds and oxygen are supplied to materials arranged like the anode and cathode of a conventional battery, combine to convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy. Unlike conventional batteries where the conversion of chemical to electri

17、cal energy requires only the closing of a circuit between the cathode and anode to produce and electrical current, (there is no storage capacity in a fuel cell). These cells require the fuel and oxygen that will produce the chemical reactions that produce an electrical output. Fuel cells have been m

18、ade that will supply power in the megawatt range, and (further development is under way). Such cells are not yet widely used on power systems, but (as they are being developed there have been some applications) to supply fuel cell power to isolated loads. As the voltage output of a cell is in the or

19、der of to 2.5V, (many cells are operated in series to obtain voltages) and power output in ranges that are normally required. Inverters are used to (supply alternating current from fuel cells) when and AC output is desired.燃料电池燃料电池是，当一个燃料如氢或氢化合物丰富和氧气供给排列像传统电池的阳极和阴极材料，结合转换化学能量直接转化为电能的装置。不像常规电池里的化学能转化

20、为电能的需要只有闭合电路的阴极和阳极之间产生电电流，（有无储存能力的燃料电池）。这些细胞需要的燃料和氧气，将产生的化学反应，产生的电输出。燃料电池已经可以在兆瓦级的电源，和（在进一步发展）。这种电池在电力系统中还没有广泛使用，但（因为它们正在开发中，有一些应用）提供燃料电池电力来隔离负载。作为一个燃料电池输出电压为2.5V的顺序，（许多电池串联运行得到的电压）和功率输出范围，通常需要。逆变器是用于（电源交流电流从燃料电池）时，交流输出是理想的。A. further development is under way进一步发展正在进行中B. there is no storage capacity

21、 in a fuel cell在燃料电池中没有存储容量C. many cells are operated in series to obtain voltages许多细胞在一系列的操作，以获得电压D. supply alternating current from fuel cells燃料电池供应交流电流E. as they are being developed there have been some applications因为他们正在开发中，已经有一些应用程序P5 Overcoming the Problem of WasteMany large cities are anythin

22、g but beautiful. Streets are littered with trash. In this trash, however, (there is still something that can be useful).If people want to solve the problem of waste, (there is no time to be lost). They must work out ways of making use of good things which are just thrown away as waste. When a car ge

23、ts too old, it may not run any more. But if the metal that the car was made of is still good,(it can be put to use again) bottle glass can be ground into sand and used to pave streets. Besides, garbage from food can be changed into fertilizer. But first you have to pick out all the glass and metal.F

24、urthermore, garbage can also be a good source for making building blocks, which are then covered with concrete. Now, (more and more machines are designed for this purpose). Some day, people will watch films in a great cinema which has been built out of garbage. Future buildings, roads, and cities ma

25、y be made from garbage. But so far, (building beautiful cities out of garbage is only a dream).克服浪费的问题许多大城市都是美丽的。街道上到处都是垃圾。然而，在这个垃圾桶里（还有一些可以用的东西）。如果人们想解决的问题，浪费，（没有时间，失去）。他们必须制定出利用好东西的方法，而这一切都是浪费。当汽车变老了，它可能不会再跑了。但是，如果汽车是由金属制成的，它仍然是好的，（它可以把再次使用）瓶玻璃可以磨沙和用来铺路。此外，食物中的垃圾也可以改成肥料。但首先你必须挑选出所有的玻璃和金属。此外，垃圾也可以是

26、一个很好的来源，使建筑块，然后覆盖混凝土。现在，（越来越多的机器是为了这个目的而设计的）。总有一天，人们会在一个巨大的电影院里看电影，而这部电影是用垃圾建造的。未来的建筑物，道路和城市，可能是从垃圾。但到目前为止，（建设美丽的城市，垃圾只是一个梦想）。A. there is no time to be lost没有时间被丢失B. building beautiful cities out of garbage is only a dream建设美丽的城市，垃圾只是一个梦想C. there is still something that can be useful还有一些可以是有用的东西D. i

27、t can be put to use again可以用一次又一次的E. more and more machines are designed for this purpose越来越多的机器是为了这个目的而设计的P6 HibernationThe weather in winter can be very cold. Some animals sleep during the winter, for its difficult for them to find food then. (They can sleep for a long time). For example, their sl

28、eep can last from autumn to spring. (We call this kind of sleep in wintertime “hibernation)”.Animals need food in winter to keep them warm and alive. If they move about more, they need eat more. (Hibernating animals dont need to eat much because they dont move). Their heart beats slowly. And they br

29、eathe slowly. They find a safe place to sleep. (So they dont need to worry about bad weather and other dangerous animals).In warn winter some animals like bears may wake up. If they see thick nosnow on the ground, they will get back to their sleep. (As it gets warmer and warmer in spring, the sleepi

30、ng animals begin to wake up and look around for food).冬眠冬天的天气很冷。有些动物在冬天睡觉，因为他们很难找到食物。（他们可以睡很长一段时间）。例如，他们的睡眠可以从秋天到春天。（我们称这种睡眠在冬季休眠）”。动物在冬天需要食物来保持温暖和活力。如果他们走动的话，他们需要吃更多的食物。（冬眠的动物不需要吃太多，因为他们不动）。他们的心跳缓慢。他们慢慢地呼吸。他们找到一个安全的地方睡觉。（所以他们不必担心恶劣的天气和其他危险的动物）。在冬季，一些动物如熊可以醒来。如果他们看见地面上没有厚厚的积雪，他们就会回到他们的睡眠。（随着春天的温暖和温暖

31、，冬眠的动物开始苏醒，四处寻找食物）。A. So they dont need to worry about bad weather and other dangerous animals所以他们不必担心恶劣的天气和其他危险的动物B. We call this kind of sleep in wintertime “hibernation我们称这种睡眠在冬季休眠C. As it gets warmer and warmer in spring, the sleeping animals begin to wake up and look around for food春天，随着春天的温暖和温

32、暖，睡觉的动物开始醒过来，四处寻找食物。D. Hibernating animals dont need to eat much because they dont move D.冬眠的动物不需要吃太多，因为他们不动E. They can sleep for a long time他们可以睡很长一段时间P7 SatellitesThe body that is neatest to the Earth is the moon. (It circles the Earth and is therefore know as a satellite of the Earth). This satellite is called natural satellite. Man made spacecraft which circle the Earth are called artificial satellites. Natural as well as artificial satellites circle the planets in a definite path or orbit. (A satellite stays in orbit because the planet gravitationa