高考英语 第十四章 状语从句知识精讲.docx

1、高考英语 第十四章 状语从句知识精讲状语从句 【知识精讲】状语从句,也叫做副词性分句，在主从复合句中起到状语作用，即把句子当作状语来使用，其作用类似副词，有时甚至可以用副词代替。用以修饰主句的动词，形容词或副词，非限定动词（不定式，-ing或 -ed分词）或修饰整个句子。表示时间，地点，方式，程度，原因，结果，目的，条件，让步和比较等。在高考英语中，状语从句主要出现在单句选择，改错或完型填空中。一、状语从句的含义和类别1. 时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的连词主要有：when, as, while, as soon as, while; before, after, since, till,

2、until; the minute, the moment, the second, any time, the day，the week, the instant, every time, each time, (the) next time,(the) last time, the first time; immediately , directly; no sooner.than, hardly.when, scarcely.when等。（1）表示“当时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的 when, while, as, whenever。例如： He jumped up when the

3、 phone rang. 当电话响起的时候，他站起来了。 We listened while the teacher read. 老师讲，我们听。 They sang as they danced. 他们边唱边跳。【注意】在高考中，我们主要要注意when表示“突然”性，常用于“be+doing.when.”，“be about to do.when.”，“be on the point of doing.when.”，“had just done.when.” 等句型中。as表示“同时”性。while表示“期间”性(其引导的从句不能用短暂性动词)。whenever表示“每当”。例如： I wa

4、s about to go to bed，when the phone rang. Just as he caught the ball, there was a tearing sound. While John was sitting biting his nails, I was working out a plan to get us home. （2）表示“在之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after。例如： Turn the lights off before you leave. He started the job soon after he left th

5、e university. before是高考考查的热点词汇之一,其用法归纳如下：【注意】表示“在之后才”。强调某事发生得晚或慢。The American Civil War lasted four years before the North won in the end.【注意】表示“还没来得及就”。目的在于强调从句动作发生之前，主句动作已发生。例如： Before I cold get in a word, he had measured me.【注意】表示“在之前就”。这时主句与before从句中的两个动作按时间先后依次发生。例如： It was evening before we r

6、eached the little town of Winchester. 【注意】表示“趁”，“等到”，或 “没等就 ”等。例如： He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation before it got worse.【注意】 before用于句型“It + will/would be + 时间段 + before.”句型中，表示“要过多久才”。用于“It + may be + 时间段 + before.”，表示“也许要过多久才”。其否定形式“It will/would not be +时间段+ before”表示“不久就，过不

7、了多久就”。例如： It will be a long time before we meet them again.【注意】用于句型 “it was +时间段+ before .” 表示 “过了（多长时间）才”。其否定形式“ it was not +时间段+ before .” 意为“不久就”, “没过（多长时间）就”。例如： It was some time before we realized the truth. （3）“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till。例如： He has lived here since he got married. Mo

8、st men worked until/till theyre 65. 【注意】 before与since，when，until引导的时间状语从句区别“It be +时间段 + since引导的时间状语从句”表示“自从已经有多长时间了”。主句用一般现在时或现在完成时。“It be +时间点 + when引导的时间状语从句”表示“某个动作发生时，是某个时间”。主句谓语动词可以是一般过去时，或者一般将来时。“It + will/would be + 时间段 + before.”句型中，表示“要过多久才”。用于“It + may be + 时间段 + before.”，表示“也许要过多久才”。“it

9、 was +时间段+ before .” 表示 “过了（多长时间）才”。主句谓语动词是一般将来时，过去将来时或者一般过去时。until常用于“.until.”，“not.until.”中。表示“直到才”。在肯定句中，主句谓语动词是延续性动词。 It is almost five years since we saw each other last time. Did Jack come back early last night? Yes. It was not yet eight oclock when he arrived home.（4）表示“一就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon a

10、s, once; no sooner.than, hardly/scarcely .When; immediately, directly, instantly; the minute, the moment, the second, any time, the day，the week, the instant等。例如： Tell him the news as soon as you see him. I recognized her the moment (that) I saw her. Once he arrives, we can start. 【注意】 no sooner.tha

11、n, hardly/scarcely .when,句子要倒装。例如： I had no sooner closed the door than somebody knocked. No sooner had I closed the door than somebody knocked.【注意】immediately,directly, instantly副词常常用作连词，相当于“as soon as”。例如： I came immediately you called. Directly I walked in the door I smelt smoke. （5）表示“上次”、“下次”、“

12、每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)。例如： Last time I saw him, he looked ill. Do look me up next time youre in London. 【注意】every time, each time, any time前不用冠词，(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略，而the first time中的冠词通常

13、不能省略。名词结构做连词的结构特点。【注意】the + 瞬间名词其中的瞬间名词主要包括moment, minute, instant, second等，其意为“一就”，相当于as soon as。例如： The minute he saw her he fell in love. Ill telephone the minute theres any change. 【注意】the + 季节名词其中的季节名词包括spring, summer, autumn, winter，其意为“在的那年春天、夏天、秋天、冬天”。例如： His wife left him the spring he went

14、 abroad. He sold his house and went to the south the summer he lost his job.【注意】the+时间名词其中的时间名词主要包括hour, day, night, week, month, season, year等，其意为“在的时候、那天、那个晚上、那周、那个月、那个季节、那年”。例如： The hour he was in her office, he felt very sad. The day he returned home, his father was already dead.【注意】the +序数词+tim

15、e（next, last也具有类似序数词的性质，因此也具有以上用法。）其中的序数词包括first, second, third, fourth等，其意为“当第几次的时候”。例如： My girlfriend beat me at poker the first time we played. Next time you come in, please close the door. The last time we talked he said he needed another two days. 2. 地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where (在的地方)，wherever (无论什么地方

16、)，anywhere (无论何处) 以及everywhere (到处) 等连词来引导。 Where I live there are plenty of trees. Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. Make a mark wherever you have any questions. We will go where the Party directs us.【注意】在地点状语从句中，用现在时态代替将来时态。 Everywhere you go, you will find the same thing. Where there is a

17、will, there is a way. Where there is a river, there is a city. Wherever I am， I will be thinking of you. 【注意】where引导定语从句时，从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词；而状语从句前则无需先行词。例如： Go back where you came from.(where引导地点状语从句） Go back to the village where you came from.(where引导定语从句，修饰village)【注意】 where引出的地点状语从句除表示地点外，还可以指处境

18、等。例如： It is your fault that she is where she is.【注意】地点状语从句的省略，例如： Fill in the blanks with articles necessary.(necessary前省略了where it is) Avoid structures of this kind wherever possible. (possible前省略了wherever it is)3. 条件状语从句条件状语从句常由if, unless= if.not, once, as/so long as,suppose/supposing(that), provi

19、ded/providing (that), granted/granting(that),given that,lets say, let us say, say, on condition (that)等词引导。 Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. I will come providing (that) I am well enough. I will go there on condiion that you accompany me. Supposing you were in my shoes, what would yo

20、u do? Say it were true, what would you do? Granted/Granting that he did say so, we cnnot be sure what he really meant. Given that it is true, what should we do? You may borrow this book as long as you keep it clean.【注意】在由 if, unless, once, as/so long as 等引导的条件状语从句中， 用一般现在时表示一般将来时，用现在完成时表示将来完成时。例如： S

21、o long as he comes here, Ill let you know.【注意】unless=if not，除非本身有否定意思，有时两者可以换用，但是unless的语气更强些。【注意】as/so long as的重点在于时间的延续性，由它引导的条件从句的谓语通常都表示动作或状态会延续一段时间。【注意】在on condition (that), suppose/supposing(that), lets say, let us say, say assuming(that)等引导的条件状语从句中，如果假设的条件是不能实现的，就要用虚拟语气。例如： He can go out on c

22、ondition (that) he (should) come home by five. Suppose your father saw you now, what would he say?【注意】 其他表示条件意味的句型：祈使句/省略句+and= if 从句+主句，祈使句/省略句+ or/or else= unless 从句+主句。 Take enough money with you, and you can buy the dictionary. Run fast, or youll be late for school. Aother attempt, and Ill make

23、it.4. 原因状语从句原因状语从句常由because, since, as, for，that.,not that.but that.,now that, in that, seeing that, considering that，on the ground that, for the reason that, by reason that等引导。 I didnt go to school yesterday because I was ill. Since everybody is here, lets begin our meeting. As you are in poor heal

24、th, you should not stay up late. In that he is ill, he feels unable to do it. Its not that Im dissatisfieed, but that I have my own business to attend to. Now (that) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents. I like this place, but I like my hometown better in that I have more friends th

25、ere. Seeing (that) he refused to help us, theres no reason that we should now help him. Considering (that) everybody is here, lets begin our discussion. Jane divorced him on (the) grounds that he had in fact deserted her and the children.【注意】 在语气上，because 最重, 表示的是直接理由,回答why 时只能用它， because引导的从句常常放在句末

26、。其次是since, as 所提出的原因是已知的，或者是句中不甚重要的部分,since较as稍正式一些。for 所提出的只是对所谈内容的一种补充说明，因此for引导的句子不能放在句首，for也被认为是并列连词。例如： As his flat is in a large town, he has no garden of his own. Since you dont trust him, you should not employ him. He seldom goes out now, for he is very old.【注意】 because还可以用just， only，simply，

27、chiefly等副词来修饰，而且也经常用到这样的组合：partly because.partly because（半是因为，半是因为）， not because.but because.（不是因为而是因为）。例如： You should not despise a man just because he is poorly dressed. He resigned partly because he was old, and partly because he was bored with the work. I didnt help him, not because I was unwill

28、ing, but because I was unable to do it.【注意】 关于not.because.结构：该结构中的否定词有时否定主句，有时否定从句，一般要根据句子的意思作出正确或合乎逻辑的理解。若not否定主句，最好在because之前用逗号，否则会引起歧义，如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释：I didnt go because I was afraid. 我没有去是因为怕。/ 我不是因为怕才去。【注意】 because习惯上不与so连用，汉语习惯上说“因为所以”，但英语习惯上却不能将 so与because 连用。例如： We stay at home because i

29、t is raining.【注意】Because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换：例如： He cant come because he is ill. He cant come because of his illness. I said nothing about it because his wife was there. I said nothing about it because of his wifes being there. 【注意】 that., not that.but that., now that用来强调理由或根据。【注意】 in that,

30、seeing that, considering that这三个在一般情况下可以交换使用，在其中in that中，that不能省略，而且多出现在主句之后，在seeing that, considering that中，that可以省略。5. 让步状语从句让步状语从句由although, though, however, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever, whenever, wherever, whether, no matter (who, what, where, when, etc), even if, even though等词引导。（1）t

31、hough, although表示“虽然，纵然”之意。这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情况下可以互换使用。although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多，though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。在口语中，though较常使用，although比though正式，二者都可与yet, still或nevertheless连用，但不能与but连用。例如： Alhough/Though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working. Although/Though he is very old, (yet)he is quite strong. （2）as, though表示“虽然但是”，“纵使”之意。as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现，被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形，though间或也用于这样的结构中，但although不可