1、构词法 -By Miss Liu -By Miss Liu一:构词法分类1 1派派生生词词:词词根根 (或或单单词词)附附加加前前缀缀、后后缀缀构构成成新新词词叫叫派派生词生词rich-enrich home-homelessrich-enrich home-homeless2 2 转换法转换法:把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类:把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类 back n.back n.背背-back v.-back v.支持支持 slow adj.slow adj.慢的慢的-slow v.-slow v.减慢减慢3 3合成法合成法:由两个或两个以上单词合成一个单词:由两个或两个以上单
2、词合成一个单词 blackboard hand-made blackboard hand-made 手工制作的手工制作的语法填空中必有一道题是考查词类转换语法填空中必有一道题是考查词类转换的。考查不同词性在句中的不同用法,的。考查不同词性在句中的不同用法,其中主要涉及到以下三条:其中主要涉及到以下三条:1.在句中修饰动词或形容词等作状语在句中修饰动词或形容词等作状语,用用副词;副词;2.在句中作定语、表语或补语在句中作定语、表语或补语,一般用形一般用形容词;容词;3.作主语、及物动词或者介词的宾语作主语、及物动词或者介词的宾语,用用名词。名词。派生法派生法又叫词缀法,即在一个单词前或其后加上词
3、缀,构成新的单词。中学英语中以派生法生成的词汇占整个中学词汇总量的25。一、前缀一般说来前缀不会改变一个词的词性。1.否定前缀(1)un-a.un+形容词:unfit,unhappy,unfair,unlucky,unfortunate,unkind,unimportant,unnecessary,uncomfortable,unselfish,unusual,uncommon,unexpected,unknown,unthinkable,unbelievable,unseen,unforgettable,unwise,unhealthy,unpleasant,unable,untrueb.u
4、n+副词:undoubtedly,unexpectedly,unfortunately,unusually,unhappily,unluckily由un形容词构成的词除了unknown,unseen,unfit等词之外,其它词都可变为加-ly的副词(个别形容词尾需要变动)。c.un动词:uncover,untie,unlock,undress,undo,unpack(2)im形容词:impossible,impolite(3)in形容词:incorrect,incomplete,invisible,independent(4)ir形容词:irregular(5)mis动词:misspell,m
5、isunderstand,mistake(6)dis-a.dis名词:dishonour,disease,discomfortb.dis形容词:dishonest,discouragedc.dis动词:disappear,dislike,discover,disclose,disagree,discomfort,dismiss2、表示空间、位置关系的前缀(1)a,大多加在音节较少的名词或不及物动词上构成新词,表示“在之上、向、处于状态”:ahead,abroad,aside,alive,awake,above,about等。(2)fore,表示“在前面”:forehead,foreground
6、,forearm,foreleg(3)in,il,im,ir表示“向内在内”:inside,include,import(4)inter,表示“在间、相互”:international(5)intro,表示“在(向)内”:introduce(6)out,表示“向外”:outside,outlook,outdoors,outflow(7)over,表示“在上面的、在外的”:overhead,overlook,overcoat,overcome,overtime,overgrow(8)pre,表示“在前”:prefix,preposition(9)pro,表示“在(向)前”:progress,pr
7、ogramme(10)sur,表示“在上”:surface,surround(11)trans,表示“转移”:translate(12)under,表示“在下”:undergraound,underline(13)up,表示“向上”:upward,upset,upstairs(14)be,表示“在,靠近”:before,behind,below,between,beyond(15)ex,表示“向外,从出来”:exchange,export(16)tele,表示“远”:telephone,television,telegram,telegraph3、表示时间、序列关系的前缀(1)fore,表示“
8、在前,预先”:foreword,foresight,foretell(2)mid,表示“中间”:midnight,midsummer,midautumn(3)post,表示“在后”:postwar,postlistening(4)re,表示“重复”:review,retell,rewrite,replace,return,rebuild(5)extra,表示“格外、超越”:extraordinary(6)over,表示“超过”:overcome,overeat,overpass(7)super,表示“极、超”:supermarket,superpower,superman,superpower
9、4、表示共同、相等关系(1)com(在b,m,p前),col,con,cor(com在g,l,r及其它辅音前):company,cnnect,correct(2)co:cooperate,coexist(3)sym:sympathy,symphony5、表示整个、完全关系(1)al:alone,almost,altogether(2)over:overall,overflow,overfall6、表示“离、离开”(1)a:arise,away,apart(2)de:depart,dewater,decolour(3)se:separate,select(4)for:forget,forgive
10、7、变换词类作用的前缀(1)enem:enable,enlarge,enrich,enclose,empower(2)ad,ac,af,ag,an,ap,ar,as,at,(ad在c,f,g,I,n,p,r,s,t前的变体):adapt,across,affect,appear,arrange,assist,attend,attract8、表示加强意义(1)a:ashamed,arouse,amuse(2)ad:address,admire,advise,advance(3)be:belong,believe二:派生词二:派生词1 常见名词的缀1)动词+-er/-or名词 villager t
11、eacher actor operator操作员 user performer 2)动词+ee名词(表示“受动者,行动者”)interviewee 被采访者 trainee 培训生 payee 收(受)款人 employee3)-ist 表示“从事研究者;信 仰主义者”。如:pianist钢琴家 scientist科学家 artist艺术家 chemist药剂师4)-dom 表示“等级,领域,状态”。如:freedom自由 kingdom王国 wisdom智慧 5)以ent/ant结尾的形容词-ance/ence结尾的名词violent(violence)distant(distance)pr
12、esent(presence)absent(absence)obedient(obedience)competent(competence)能力,胜任,称职 intelligent(intelligence)智力 confident(confidence)patient(patience)convenient(convenience)elegant(elegance)different(difference)注意:特殊ent结尾的形容词-ency结尾的名词current-currency fluent-fluency urgent-urgencyfrequent-frequency effic
13、ient-efficiency6)动词+(a)tion/sion名词 express/graduate/impress/devote -expression/graduation/impression/devotion persuade/divide/decide/conclude/expandpersuasion/division/decision/conclusion/expansion admit/permit admission/permissionobserve/consider/transport/determine/organize/invite observation/cons
14、ideration/transportation/organization/invitation 注意:compete/apply/solve/intendcompete-competitionapply-applicationsolve-solutionintend-intention7)动词/形容词+y 名词injure-injury discover-discoveryrecover-recovery deliver-deliverydifficult-difficulty modest-modestyhonest-honesty注意:safe-safety secure-securit
15、y brave-bravery 8)动词+ment名词agree-agreement adjust-adjustment arrange-arrangement manage-management argue-argument govern-government acknowledge-acknowledgement punish-punishment employ-employment entertain-entertainment announce-announcement appoint-appointment embarrass-embarrassment state-statemen
16、t encourage-encouragement 9)形容词/动词+th 名词 strong-strength wide-width long-length deep-depth warm-warmth grow-growth10)形容词+ness名词 kind-kindness happy-happiness11)动词al结尾的名词arrive-arrival survive-survivalapprove-approval propose-proposalrefuse-refusal2.常见形容词的后缀1)名词+-ful/-less(意思与原词相反)形容词 care careful careless power powerful powerless hope hopeful hopeless pain painful painless use useful useless2)名词+y 形容词 dust-/dirt-/salt-/wind-/fog-/water-/rain-/sun-/cloud-/taste-fog-foggy sun-sunny taste-tastyheal
copyright@ 2008-2022 冰豆网网站版权所有
经营许可证编号:鄂ICP备2022015515号-1