版高考英语一轮复习语法专题第二部分词法篇其他.docx

1、版高考英语一轮复习语法专题第二部分词法篇其他专题4 介词和介词短语介词是虚词，不能单独作句子成分，必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语，在句中充当一个成分。介词分为：简单介词，如at，in，for等；合成介词，如within，inside，onto，throughout等；短语介词，如according to，out of，because of，by means of，in spite of，instead of等；双重介词，如from behind/above/under，until after等；分词介词，如considering，including，jud

2、ging (from/by) 等。 1介词搭配(1)“动词介词”搭配：注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表示“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of 连用)supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示“供给”意义的动词与with连用)make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示“制作、制造”意义的动词与of，from，into连用)介词the部位与动词的关系(

3、动词sb.s部位，可换用)strike him on the head(表示“击；拍；碰；摸”意义的动词与on连用)catch him by the arm(表示“抓；拉；拿；扯”意义的动词与by连用)hit the boy in the face(表示“肚；胸；眼；脸”等人体前部的器官名词与in连用)prevent(stop，keep) sb.from doing sth.(表示“阻止，禁止”意义的动词与from连用)persuade(advise，warn) sb.into doing sth.(表示“说服；建议；警告”意义的动词与into连用)buy(leave，get，win，gain

4、，lose) sth.for sb.(表示“得失”意义的动词与for连用)tell(show，teach，sing，write，read) sth.to sb.(表示“告知”意义的动词与to连用)give(allow，promise，pass，hand) sth.to sb.(表示“授予”意义的动词与to连用)注意：可换成buy sb.sth.，tell sb.sth.，give sb.sth.双宾结构。say to sb.(suggest，explain，apologize，murmur，whisper等与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。(2)同一介词与不同动词

5、搭配，意义各异。reply to the letter回信，sing/dance to the music和着音乐唱/跳，amount to 达到，加起来有，devote to把贡献给，drink to为干杯，object to反对，look forward to 渴望，come to苏醒，belong to属于，search for搜，ask for请求，use.for用作，leave for前往，take.for把误以为，call for要求，wait for等待，care for喜欢，make up for弥补损失，turn to求助/救于，help oneself to随意，agree

6、 to同意，compare.to把比作，send for派人去请/拿，sail for驶向，起航，set out for动身去，go in for爱好(3)常见的“形容词介词”搭配。worthy of值得的，be far from离远，be grateful to sb.for sth.为某事感激某人，be free from没有/免除，be proud of/take pride in为自豪，be satisfied with/by对满意，be sure of/about确信，be fond of喜欢，be fit for适合，be busy with sth./in doing sth.忙

7、着做某事，be full of充满，be ready for准备，be similar to与相似(4)“名词介词”习惯搭配和意义区分。the absence of water缺水the hope of success成功的希望have a chance of/for entering college上大学的机会take pride in them为他们感到骄傲the key to the question问题的答案a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药the ticket for tomorrow明天的票his absence the way 2核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时

8、间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内，如世纪、年、季、月、周等，一般用介词in，如：in the 1990s，in the year，in January，in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring，in the first week of May。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如：in a while，in no time，in the daytime，in a short while，in time，in the morning(afternoon，evening)。注意：at night/at noon，in the day(在白天)，in the

9、 night(在夜间)。in five days(weeks，months，years)中in意为“在以后”。(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕，常用on。on Sunday(s)，on Tuesday morningon Christmas Day(但at Christmas)，on Christmas Eve，on Childrens Dayon March 8，on the morning(afternoon，evening) of Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(区别：in the late/early morning of Oct.1)

10、on a rainy night，on warm winter days(3)表示某一时刻或某一时间点用at，如小时、分钟等。at breakfast(supper，lunch)，at sixat noon(sunrise，sunset，midday，night，midnight，dawn)at the age of 15，at the time of war(但in time of danger/trouble)注意：有些时间名词前不接介词。next day，last Sunday，that morning，these yearsone，each，any，every，some，all修饰时间

11、名词时，一般不用介词，如some day，one day，all afternoon。(4)till，until的用法。till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中，与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until) 10 am.注意：在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。Not until 9 am.did Mr.Smith come back to school.(5)in，later，after的用法。in一段时间：表示说话时为起点一段时间之后，与一般将来时

12、连用；但表示“在之内”时，用于各种时态。一段时间later(later是副词)：表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。after一段时间：表示“在之后”，用于一般过去时；但时间为点时间时，只能用after，即after点时间，用于各种时态。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981，and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外，in一段时间

13、stime与within一段时间的用法如下：in a weeks timein a weekThey will arrive in three days time.(与将来时连用)My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.(作表语)Ill finish the book within two weeks.(withinin less than.用于各种时态，意为“不超出，在之内”)(6)地点介词at，on，in，to，off，across，through，over，above，under，below。at 在较小的场所，in在较大的场所，on在的平面上

14、。如at the airport，at the station，at 55 Park Street，in China，in the north，in Asia，on the desk，on the wall等。on，at，in，off还可以表示两地的相对位置。若A地属于B地，用in；A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接，用on；无边缘的衔接，用to；A在B附近，用off。Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之内)Hunan Province lies on the west of

15、 Hubei Province.(毗邻)The island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)across在物体表面“穿过”；through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest.over，above译作“在之上”；under，below译作“在的下面”，其区别在于over，under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系；而above，below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”，不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。A little boat is now

16、 under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线)The window is well above the tree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词。by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如：He rents a house by the year(day，hour)(按bythe单位名称，但to the pound按磅算，to the ton按吨计)。表泛指的方式、手段by post/mail邮寄，by telephone(radio)(但on th

17、e phone/on the radio/on TV)，by electricity用电，by machinery用电器，by hard work，learn sth.by heart，through the satellite，through practice，through his own efforts，through experience，through the telescope交通工具类by bus/train/car/taxiby bike/bicycle，on horseback/footby plane/jet/spaceship/airby ship/boat/lifebo

18、at/sea/water另外：by means of 用方法，by way of 经由，取道于；用方法，with the help(permission) of sb./with sb.s help(permission)。表方式、手段的其他用法He beat the dog with a stick.(with工具/器械)One smells with his nose.(with人体器官，但by hand手工，用手)He stood up with pride.(with情绪、情感、态度的名词)注意：使用语言、材料、文字等用in。如：in English(ink，pencil)。(8)表示

19、“除之外”的常用词。besides 除以外(还有)。作副词时意为“而且，更何况”。There will be five of us for dinner，besides John.It was too late to see a film，and besides，I was tired.except除去，除之外(不再有)。We all went except John.注意：在否定句中，besides与except可以换用。He has no other hats except/besides this one.except for除了(对句子主题进行细节校正或附加说明)，后接名词、代词或wh

20、at从句，此时与“except that句子”意思相同。He was very clever except for carelessness.except that.除了一点以外。He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.but与exceptbut和except在表示“除了以外”时可以通用，但应注意以下三点：(A)前面有不定代词、疑问代词在意义上对称时，多用but。All but one are here.Nobody but I likes making model ships.(B)后接不定式短语为排除对象时，多用b

21、ut。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do，后省to)(C)but与一些固定结构连用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事，can not but do sth.不得不做某事，can not help but do sth.不得不做某事，but for.若不是(9)between与amongbetween通常指两者之间，也可以用于三者或三者以上的每两者之间的相互关系。Ann is between Tom and Bill.Switzerland lies between France，Germany，Australia and

22、Italy.They soon finished the work between themselves.(共同，合作)She was busy between cooking，washing，sewing and looking after the baby.(表示接连不断地，一个接一个地忙这忙那)A horse can be seen between trees now.among表示三者以上之间。The story is said to have happened in a village among the hills.He was happy to be among friends

23、again.We must agree among ourselves.(一起，共同)London is among the largest cities.(one of与最高级连用)(10)表原因的介词(短语)for，because of，due to。He didnt come to the meeting because of his illness.The reason for his coming late is that he was ill.He was praised for his bravery and courage.The accident is due to your

24、 careless driving.(11)不定式复合结构中的for，of。这里所说的不定式复合结构形式指的是for 或of加上人或事，作动词不定式逻辑主语的结构。It is clever of you to answer it like that.It is quite hard for me to explain why.注意：it isadj.of/for sb.to do sth.中，如果表语形容词能够说明不定式逻辑主语的性质、特征与面貌时用of；如果说明不定式行为本身的性质、状态等时则用for。(12)兼作连词和副词的介词。after，since，till/until，before这

25、些词既是介词，又是连词。The children went home at once after school.(介词)They went to bed after they had finished the job.(连词)in，on，along，down，up，after，before，beyond等介词可兼作副词。He ran down the hill.(介词)Can you lift that box down from the shelf for me？(副词)有的介词可以兼作连词和副词。All the students got to school before me.(介词)We

26、 do want to buy something now before prices go up.(连词)Havent I seen you before？(副词)(13)介词的省略。某些动词搭配中的介词可以省略。Nothing can prevent me (from) doing the job.She spent nearly two hours (in) translating it.(14)某些名词与介词构成的固定搭配。要求接to的名词有：key，answer，visit，entrance，apology，introduction，road等。The key to success

27、is preparation.要求接in 的名词有：interest，satisfaction，expert等。He is an expert in teaching small children.介词与语法填空在语法填空中，介词是必考内容。常考表示方位、时间、地点、方式、原因、计量、材料等以及习惯用语中的介词。典题试做1在空白处填入适当的介词1For those who fly to Guilin，its only an hour away car and offers all the scenery of the betterknown city.(2015全国)答案by解析根据句意可知，

28、这只是驱车一小时的路程。“by交通工具名词”为一固定短语。2When a new day breaks，the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough to cool the house during the hot day： the same time，they warm up again for the night.(2015全国)答案at解析at the same time意为“同时”，是一个常用介词短语。故填at。3He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns

29、nearby other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what was left.(2015广东)答案for解析本句话中exchange 的意思是“交换”，根据句意可知，Johnson先生用牛奶换其他的食物。这里用了固定短语exchange.for.，故填介词for。4When the bus finally came，we all hurried on board.I got a place next the window，so I had a good view of the sidewalk.(2014新课标全国

30、)答案to解析考查固定短语中的介词。此处是一个固定短语next to，意为“挨着”。5Dont laugh me.I may look funny.(2014辽宁)答案at解析考查固定搭配中的介词。laugh at是固定搭配，意为“嘲笑”。6I didnt understand why this would happen and my credit card had already been charged the reservation.(2014广东)答案for解析考查固定搭配中的介词。联系空后的the reservation可以知道，“我”的信用卡已经为这次预订支付钱了。be charg

31、ed for是固定搭配。应对策略1如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则在名词或代词前一定是填介词。其次，还要注意短语搭配中介词的正确使用。介词与短文改错短文改错中对于介词的考查常会涉及介词误用、缺少介词或介词多余的情况。典题试做2单句改错(每小题1处错误)1Unfortunately，on the development of industrialization，the environment has been polluted.(2015全国)答案onwith解析with the development of为固定短语，意为“随着的发展”。故on改为with。2One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parents.It was very crow