专题11 语法填空一词类复习高考英语备考中等.docx

1、专题11 语法填空一词类复习高考英语备考中等方法与知识中等生在进行了基础知识复习之后，把重点转到：1.熟悉高考题型；2.梳理正确的做题方法和技巧；3.精选难度适中的训练题。名词命题规律 名词的“可数”与“不可数”是高考命题的热点之一。名词的考查强调语言的情景化，重点考查在特定语境、真实语境中的准确辨析、选择和运用名词的能力。名词短语的固定搭配及名词作定语也是高考命题的注意点。 另外，在熟练掌握名词的基本意义和用法的同时，要特别留意某些名词的基本意义之外的引申、拓展和熟词生义的用法。名词的考点归纳：(1)抽象名词具体化：beauty美、美丽（不可数名词） a beauty美人、美丽的东西（可数名

2、词）；experience经验（不可数名词）an experience一次经历（可数名词）；surprise吃惊、惊奇（不可数名词） a surprise令人吃惊的人或事（可数名词）；honor荣誉、信誉（不可数名词） an honor一种光荣的人或事（可数名词）；failure失败（不可数名词） a failure/failures失败的人或事（可数名词）等等。(2)名词短语的固定的搭配：have/gain access to接近，到达；take into consideration考虑；take advantage of利用；in consequence of 由于 的缘故 ；put in

3、to effect 实行，生效 等等。【考例分析】1.“Learn through use” is a good piece of _ (advise) for those who are studying a new language. 【答案与解析】advice一条建议，此处应用名词形式。2.Ill stop and take a deep _.【答案与解析】考查名词。take a deep breath深呼吸，喘口气。3.We dont have to take great pains to control waste, but action and a grateful heart a

4、re needed; thank the water that runs through our fingers, and save it for poor Arabian or African countries struggling in water _ (short); 4.With the _ (develop) of industry, air pollution is getting more and more serious.【答案与解析】随着工业的发展，空气污染变得越来越严重。考查名词：发展：development5.Air pollution is caused by the

5、 following 3_: about half of the problem is caused by vehicles. 【答案与解析】空气污染是由下面的原因造成的。考查名词“原因”reasons6. If everybody realizes the _(important) of environment and does something to stop pollution, the problem will be solved.【方法总结】1.介词和动词后面可能缺宾语，这时填名词；2.考查含有名词的固定短语；3.句子缺主语时也可能填名词作主语；4.冠词后面可能填名词；5一定要注意

6、名词的单复数形式。代词命题规律一、代词是每年必考，贯穿于各个试题类型的一个基本知识。考纲要求在广泛掌握代词基础知识的前提下，强调在具体语境中理解和使用代词。二、不定代词是代词中最重要、句法作用也是最为活跃的部分之一。因而，在复习中要注意总结、归纳，特别应熟记一批有特点的例句，以加深印象，更加准确地把握其用法。三、平时要多做练习，能够提高熟悉语境的能力，很多考题是要和语境相联系起来考查的，这方面一定要重视。代词高考常考点（1）人称代词：人称代词作主语一般用主格形式，做宾语用宾格形式，作表语用主格形式，做定语用所有格形式。反身代词一般做表语、同位语和宾语，作宾语的前提是宾语和主语一致。特别注意：人

7、称代词用作表语时，如说明主语，一般要用主格，如说明宾语则要用宾格。在简单的答语中多用宾格形式替代主格形式。（2）反身代词：反身代词在句中可以作enjoy, teach, hurt, buy, introduce等动词和by, for, to等介词的宾语，还可以作主语或宾语的同位语，可译作“亲自，本人”，但不能作主语。（3） 指示代词：指示词有this, that, these, those等。注意以下4点： this, these是时间或空间上的“近指”，可与here连用；that, those是时间或空间上的“远指”，可与there连用。指上文提到的事一般用that，有时也用this，指下文

8、的事只能用this。打电话时，用this来介绍自己，用that来问对方，不用I或you。this和that还可表示程度，意为“如此，那么”，相当于so，作状语。（4）不定代词：表示两者“都”用both，表示两者“都不”用neither/nor，表示两者中的“任一”用either。表示多者“都”用all，表示多者“都不”用none，no one, neither, nobody, nothing等表示多者中的“任一”用any。all单独使用，或者后接一个定语从句，或者前面有物主代词时，意为everything或the only thing(s)。another或“another单数可数名词”泛指

9、“另一个，有一个，再一个”，其复数形式是others或“other复数名词”泛指“别人或别的物”，有someothers(一些另一些)之搭配。the other(+单数可数名词)特指两者中的另一个，常有onethe other(一个另一个)的搭配；其复数形式the others或“the other 复数名词”特指在某些人或物中，除去一部分后，“其余的”“剩下的”人或物。another还可用于“another基数词或few复数名词”中，与“数词或somemore/other 复数名词”相当。everything(一切事，最重要的事), everyone =everybody (每个人，所有人)

10、; something(某事，重要的人或事物), someone =somebody(某/有人，重要的人); anything(什么事物，任何事物，无论什么事物), anyone =anybody(任何人，无论谁，重要的人); nothing(没有东西，什么也没有，不重要的人或事), no one=nobody(没有人，不重要的人)等。它们还与别有词构成很多习语，如for nothing(徒劳，免费)，nothing but(仅仅，只不过)，等等。（5）代词it(they),one(ones)和that(those)的用法：代词one和it都可以代替上文中提到的可数名词，但one指代的是与上文

11、中提到的同类物（复数用ones,主格和宾格相同）；而it指代的是上文提到的同一物品（复数用they（主格）和them（宾格）。one(ones)和that(those)这几个代词都可以代替上文中提到的名词，但使用时应注意：替代不可数名词时用that,或者省略不用名词，或者重复那个名词，但不可用one来代替。替代单数可数名词时用one和that均可，但泛指用one(相当于a/an+名词）；特指时用that（相当于the+名词）。one(ones)可以有形容词等前置修饰语，也可以有后置修饰语（of短语除外）；而that(those)不能有前置修饰语，它（们）的修饰语只能后置。后跟of短语时，一般只

12、能用that(those)。【考例分析】【例1】Jane was walking round the department store. She remembered how difficult _ was to choose a suitable Christmas present for her father. 【解析】it 作宾语从句主语，替代动词不定式短语to choose。【例2】She did not hesitate for long: although her father smoked a pipe only once in a while, she knew that th

13、is was a present which was bound to please _. 【例3】He asked his teacher, “Sir, the water was awful. Why did you pretend to like _?”【解析】it 指前面提到的“水(the water)”。【方法总结】句子缺主语或宾语，空格后没有提示词，填词多为代词。形容词和副词命题规律形容词与副词主要考查以下几个方面：考查形容词作状语；考查比较级的用法尤其是隐性比较；考查一些习语搭配；与形容词同形的副词和形容词后加ly构成的副词的区别；多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序等。另外，在熟练掌握

14、形容词与副词的基本意义和用法的同时，要特别留意一些形容词与副词的基本意义之外的引申、拓展和熟词生义的用法。形容词与副词基本用法：（1）形容词和副词的辨析形容词和副词的辨析主要分为两类：一类是给出语境，让学生填出符合这种语境的形容词或副词；另一类是形容词或副词的词形变化。近三年常考的有： 形容词：appropriate；conscious；generous；reasonable；confident；creative；grateful ；important；spare；public；convenient；apparent；unchallenged；vital；available；specific；

15、similar；available；affordable；acceptable；valuable副词：hopefully；curiously；occasionally；gradually thus；besides；rather；otherwise competitively；recently；reasonably besides；however；therefore；instead besides；otherwise；however；altogether especially；equally；naturally；normally nevertheless；besides；otherwise；th

16、erefore especially；regularly；particularly；approximately（2）形容词和副词比较等级 比较等级的常见句型：两者比较，用“比较级 than”表示。表示“两者之间较的那个”用“the比较级n. of the two n.”。表示“越，就越”用“the 比较级，the 比较级”。as原级adj./adv.as .表示“和一样”。not as/so原级adj./adv.as .表示“不如”比较等级前常用的修饰语：a little, a bit, slightly，much, a lot, a great deal, any, far, by far,

17、 even, still等。否定词比较级最高级：“否定词比较级”表达最高级含义。【考例分析】【例1】The teacher replied, “You tasted the water. I tasted the gift. The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be _ (sweet).”【例2】I left it early because I had an appointment _ (late) that day.【解析】later 指那天晚些时候。【例3】It

18、 might have made it a little _ (hard) for everybody because it meant they had to turn around, but that didnt stop the kids in the class.【方法总结】当括号内所提示的词是形容词或副词且空格处需要的仍是形容词或副词时，很可能填比较级和最高级。介词及介词短语命题规律一、对介词句法功能的考查：介词构成的短语，可以在句子中充当定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语等；介词有时在句子中活用为副词，充当状语。二、对常用介词的辨析：介词用法多且复杂，相近的意思又可以有不同的介词表示，介

19、词更着重与动词、形容词和其他从句结合在一起进行考查，所以要根据语境和交际条件灵活运用介词；同时对常用的介词要重点进行区别整理。三、对介词短语搭配的考查：介词常和某些形容词、动词和名词联合运用，形成固定搭配，表示各种不同的意思，只要记住这些固定搭配，准确把握词组的语义。介词与介词短语高考常考点：（1）常见介词的活用by，with，against，over，on，in，at，besides，for等是常考的介词。掌握这些介词的用法和意义、准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。下面是近年高考考查最多的几个介词，应重点掌握： over可表位置，意为“在上方，越过；遮住，盖住”，也可表时间，意为“在期间，(多年

20、)以来”等，它还有“在(问题)上，对(某事)”等引申意义。by的主要意思有“在旁，靠近；乘(车、船等)；不迟于；到为止；被，由；根据，按照(关系)；通过方式”等，还可以用来表示增加或减少的程度。by构成的常见短语有：by and by不久，迟早；by and large大体上；by oneself单独；by the way顺便说说；by far得多，最 by chance碰巧；by accident偶然地；by means of借助；by no means绝不，一点也不；by mistake错误地。with可以用来表示“带有，拥有；随着；就来说；用，以；和，与；对于，关于”等意思。with还可

21、用来表示原因。beyond表示“(时间)过了，比晚，迟于；(位置)在那边，超出之外；(范围)超过，为所不及，超出的范围”等意思。（2）介词短语的主要类型 高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在这些固定搭配中的应用：介词+名词：on the contrary相反；in turn依次；in ones opinion根据某人的看法；in detail详细地；out of reach够不着；beyond description难以描述地；out of question不成问题；out of the question不可能。动词+介词：remind sb. of sth.提醒某

22、人某事；rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人的；result from由引起；call at访问(某地)。形容词+介词：be curious about对好奇；be proud of因而自豪；be popular with受到的欢迎；be absorbed in全神贯注于；be enthusiastic about热衷于。介词短语：apart from除之外；in addition to除之外(还)；because of因为；instead of代替；in fear of为提心吊胆；for fear of以免；in case of防备；thanks to由于；in the middle of

23、在中间；according to根据；in front of在前面；in return for作为对的回报；in charge of负责；as a result of作为的结果；in exchange for与交换等【考例分析】【例1】When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village, I wanted to reward the old woman _ the trouble.【解析】for reward sb. for sth. 表示“因而酬谢/报答某人”。【例2】He did so the next

24、 day. He was very tired _ doing this for a whole day.【例3】When Jane got home, with her small but well-chosen present in her bag, her parents were already _ table having supper.【解析】at at table表示“在进餐”，是习惯搭配。【方法总结】当“（+限定词）+名词”或“+代词/doing/从句”在句中不做主语或宾语时，通常填介词。体验高考 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。Chen

25、gdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asias biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top 1._(attract). So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the notforprofit Panda Base, where ticket money helps pay for research. I 2._(allow) to get up close to the

26、se cute animals at the 600acre centre. From tomorrow, I will be their UK ambassador. The title will be 3._(official) given to me at a ceremony in London. But my connection with pandas goes back 4._ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, 5._ I was the first Western TV reporter 6._ (permit) to film a s

27、pecial unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild. My ambassadorial duties will include 7._(introduce) British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia. On my recent visit, I held a lively threemonthold twin that ha

28、d been rejected by 8._ (it) mother. The nursery team switches him every few 9._(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, 10._ other is with Mumshe never suspects. 【文章大意】 本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了“我”和大熊猫之间的故事。【解析】 If you feel stressed by responsibilities at work, you should take a step back an

29、d identify(识别) those of 1._ (great) and less importance. Then, handle the most important tasks first so youll feel a real sense of 2._ (achieve). Leaving the less important things until tomorrow 3._ (be) often acceptable. Most of us are more focused 4._ _ our tasks in the morning than we are later i

30、n the day. So, get an early start and try to be as productive 5._ possible before lunch. This will give you the confidence you need to get you through the afternoon and go home feeling accomplished.Recent 6._ (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks 7._ (regular).

31、 Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for 8._ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy. If you find something you love doing outside of the office, youll be less likely 9._ (bring) your work home. It could be anythinggardening, cooking, music, sportsbut whatever it is, 10._ (make) sure its a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry abou