1、大肠菌群检测重点曹双:请综合看看各种方法,比较一下,有些内容是一致的,有些是每种方法不同于其他方法的,注意比较。第一篇(蓝色部分为说明和附录,去掉这部分剩下的为连续文件)大肠杆菌检验方法SN 016992出口食品中大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群和大肠杆菌检验方法GB/T 4789.61994食品卫生微生物学检验致泻大肠埃希氏菌检验 (这两个检验方法另有完全的PDF文件,见文件夹)以SN标准方法为例,进行说明。样品制备:以无菌操作取25 g样品,放入装有225 mL稀释剂的灭菌均质杯内,于8000 r/min均质12min,制成1:10样品匀液(也可用灭菌乳钵研磨的方法代替)。稀释样品匀液根据对样品污染情
2、况的估计,用稀释剂将样品匀液制成一系列十倍递增的样品稀释液,如10*-2、10*-3、10*-4。从制备样品匀液至稀释完毕,全过程不得超过15min。附:这是一种9管MPN法测定方法,什么是MPN法(最近似法)?MPN法简介发布日期:2010-05-13 浏览次数:212 The Most Probable Number MethodIn the following example, a set of 3 tubes of an all purpose broth medium is inocuThe Most Probable Number MethodIn the following ex
3、ample, a set of 3 tubes of an all purpose broth medium is inoculated from each of the ten-fold dilutions, with each tube being inoculated with one ml.After incubation, the number of tubes showing growth is recorded. As the succeeding dilutions were made, the organisms were diluted to such an extent
4、that none were in the inocula of seven of the tubes (marked negative). In order to estimate the number of organisms per ml of the sample which would cause this kind of growth response, we locate the three sets of tubes which show dilution of the organisms to extinction i.e., those tubes which were i
5、noculated from the 102, 103 and 104 dilutions. 附录 1g检样中最近似值(MPN)表 (补充件)以0.1、0.01、0.001g各用3管。阳 性 管 数 阳 性 管 数 MPN MPN0.1 0.01 0.001 0.1 0.01 0.0010 0 0 3 2 0 0 9.10 0 1 3 2 0 1 140 0 2 6 2 0 2 20 0 0 3 9 2 0 3 26 0 1 0 3 2 1 0 15 0 1 1 6.1 2 1 1 20 0 1 2 9.2 2 1 2 27 0 1 3 12 2 1 3 34 0 2 0 6.2 2 2 0
6、21 0 2 1 9.3 2 2 1 28 0 2 2 12 2 2 2 35 0 2 3 16 2 2 3 42 0 3 0 9.4 2 3 0 290 3 1 13 2 3 1 36 0 3 2 16 2 3 2 44 0 3 3 19 2 3 3 53 1 0 0 3.6 3 0 0 231 0 1 7.2 3 0 1 391 0 2 11 3 0 2 641 0 3 15 3 0 3 951 1 0 7.3 3 1 0 431 1 1 11 3 1 1 751 1 2 15 3 1 2 1201 1 3 19 3 1 3 1601 2 0 11 3 2 0 931 2 1 15 3 2
7、 1 1501 2 2 20 3 2 2 2101 2 3 24 3 2 3 2901 3 0 16 3 3 0 2401 3 1 20 3 3 1 4601 3 2 24 3 3 2 11001 3 3 29 3 3 31100LST和EC初步筛选:对每个样品,选择适宜的三个连续稀释度的样品稀释液。每个稀释度接种三管月桂基硫酸盐胰蛋白(月示)(LST)肉汤,每管接种1mL。将接种管置于361培养482h。观察试管的产气情况:检查倒管内是否有气泡产生,用直径为3mm的接种环将所有482h内产气的LST肉汤管培养物移种于EC肉汤管中。将所有接种的EC肉汤管在30min内放入带盖44.50.5水浴
8、箱内,培养482h。附:LST肉汤、EC肉汤有些什么?LST肉汤和EC肉汤中有什么?(发酵乳糖产气) 月桂基硫酸盐胰蛋白(月示)(LST)肉汤EC肉汤胰蛋白(月示)或胰酪胨(Trypticase) 20g氯化钠 5.0g乳糖 5.0g磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4) 2.75g磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4) 2.75g月桂基硫酸钠 0.1g蒸馏水1000.0mL胰蛋白(月示)或胰酪(月示) 20.0g3号胆盐或混合胆盐 1.5g乳糖 5.0g磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4)4.0g磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4) 1.5g氯化钠 5.0g蒸馏水 1000.0mL将各成分溶解于蒸馏水中。分装到有倒立发酵管的20mm1
9、50mm试管中,每管10mL。121高压灭菌15min。最终pH6.80.2。将以上成分溶解于蒸馏水中,分装16mm150mm试管(管内有倒立的小发酵管),每管8mL。121高压灭菌15min,最终H6.90.1。EMB平板:取其产气管的培养物划线接种于伊红美蓝(EMB)平板,361培养242h。检查平板上有无具黑色中心有光泽或无光泽的典型菌落。如有典型菌落,则从每个平板上至少挑取2个典型菌落;如无典型菌落,则从每个平板上至少挑取2个可疑菌落。用接种针接触菌落中心部位,移种到营养琼脂斜面上,361培养1824h。附:怎样进行平板划线分离?平板划线分离的方法发布日期:2010-09-01 浏览次
10、数:202 1.斜线法 2.曲线法 3.方格法 4.放射法 5.四格法1.斜线法 2.曲线法 3.方格法 4.放射法 5.四格法窗体顶端窗体底端平板划线示例平板划线示例发布日期:2010-09-01 浏览次数:612 平板划线示例 This is an example of a good stre平板划线示例This is an example of a good streak for isolation using the four corners method. The small colonies here are of Staphylococcus epidermidisThis is
11、 not a great streak plate but it is serviceable, as there are a few isolated colonies. This plate would have been better if the loop had been flamed between each sector.This is an example of how NOT to streak for isolation. Scribbling is not streaking, and most likely will not result in isolated col
12、oniesThis plate isolates two different colonies: Escherichia coli (the cream-colored) colonies, and Serratia marcescens (the red colonies).(粘质沙雷菌)This is a plate with Micrococcus luteus滕黄微球菌 , the yellow colonies. While this is a good streak for isolation, the plate has been contaminated. The large
13、fuzzy colonies are fungal colonies. The lid may have been lifted too far away from the plate while streaking, or a draft may have caused the spores to fall into the plate.EMB平板原理及照片EMB平板照片及原理发布日期:2010-05-13 浏览次数:238 This image illustrates the growth of gram-negative bacteria that cannot ferment lact
14、ose on eosin methylene blue (This image illustrates the growth of gram-negative bacteria that cannot ferment lactose on eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar. EMB agar contains bile salts and dyes which inhibit growth of gram-positive bacteria. Growth on EMB agar is a useful diagnostic tool to distinguish
15、 between lactose fermenters and nonfermenters which will appear colorless. This image can be used to describe the use of metabolism in identification of bacteria. Salmonella and Shigella, both nonlactose fermenting pathogens, can be distinguished from the more common intestinal flora which ferment l
16、actose. lnfemb-an.jpg Lactose Nonfermenter on EMB Pat Johnson, Palm Beach Community College, Lake Worth, Fla., USA窗体顶端窗体底端生化试验:将斜面培养物移种到下列培养基中进行生化试验。1色氨酸肉汤:在361培养242h后,加Kovacs氏试剂0.20.3mL,上层出现红色为靛基质阳性反应。附:靛基质试验原理及照片靛基质试验原理及照片发布日期:2010-05-13 浏览次数:290 靛基质(Indole)试验:某些细菌能分解蛋白胨中的色氨酸,生成吲哚。吲哚的存在可用显色反应表现出来。
17、吲哚与对二甲基氨基靛基质(Indole)试验:某些细菌能分解蛋白胨中的色氨酸,生成吲哚。吲哚的存在可用显色反应表现出来。吲哚与对二甲基氨基苯醛结合,形成玫瑰吲哚,为红色化合物。试验方法:将待试纯培养物小量接种于试验培养基管,于361C培养24h时后,取约2ml培养液,加入Kovacs氏试剂23滴,轻摇试管,呈红色为阳性,或先加少量乙醚或二甲苯,摇动试管以提取和浓缩靛基质,待其浮于培养液表面后,再沿试管壁徐缓加入Kovacs氏试剂数滴,在接触面呈红色,即为阳性。实验证明靛基质试剂可与17种不的靛基质化合物作用而产生阳性反应,若先用二甲苯或乙醚等进行提取,再加试剂,则只有靛基质或5-甲基靛基质在溶
18、剂中呈现红色,因而结果更为可靠。Margaret (Peg) Johnson, Mesa Community College, Mesa, Ariz., USAThis image depicts the results of negative and positive indole tests. The indole test is frequently employed to distinguish Klebsiella or Enterobacter bacteria (indole negative) from Escherichia coli (indole positive). T
19、he presence of E. coli is used by public health officials as an indicator of fecal contamination of food and water supplies. Prior to this test, Enterobacter aerogenes was used to inoculate one tryptone broth, while another tryptone broth was inoculated with Escherichia coli. The two broths were the
20、n incubated for 24 h and mixed with Kovas reagent (p-dimethylamino-benzaldehyde). Tryptone broth is rich in the amino acid tryptophan. Tryptophanase, an enzyme, is capable of cleaving tryptophan and producing indole, pyruvic acid, and ammonia. Indole can be detected by the development of a red color
21、 after adding Kovas reagent. Organisms that do not produce tryptophanase will be indole negative, as no indole will be present to react with the Kovas reagent2 MR-VP培养基:在361培养482h。以无菌操作移取培养物1 mL至13mm100mm试管中,加5-萘酚乙醇溶液0.6mL,40氢氧化钾溶液0.2mL和少许肌酸结晶,振摇试管后静置2h,如出现伊红色,为VP试验阳性。将MR-VP培养物的剩余部分再培养48h滴加5 滴甲基红溶液。
22、如培养物变红色,为甲基红试验阳性,若变黄色则为阴性反应。附:MR-VP试验原理及照片MR-VP试验原理及照片发布日期:2010-05-13 浏览次数:224 甲基红(Methyl Red)试验肠杆菌科各菌属都能发酵葡萄糖,在分解葡萄糖过程中产生丙酮酸,进一步分解中,由于糖代谢的途径甲基红(Methyl Red)试验 肠杆菌科各菌属都能发酵葡萄糖,在分解葡萄糖过程中产生丙酮酸,进一步分解中,由于糖代谢的途径不同,可产生乳酸,琥珀酸、醋酸和甲酸等大量酸性产物,可使培养基PH值下降至pH4.5以下,使甲基红指示剂变红。V-P试验 某些细菌在葡萄糖蛋白胨水培养基中能分解葡萄糖产生丙酮酸,丙酮酸缩合,脱
23、羧成乙酰甲基甲醇,后者在强碱环境下,被空气中氧氧化为二乙酰,二乙酰与蛋白胨中的胍基生成红色化合物,称VP(+)反应。大肠杆菌:MR + /VP -3 Koser氏枸椽酸盐肉汤:于361培养96h记录有无生长。附:枸椽酸盐利用试验原理及斜面显色照片枸椽酸盐试验原理及斜面照片发布日期:2010-05-13 浏览次数:136 枸椽酸盐试验:某些细菌能利用枸椽酸盐作为碳源,及磷酸铵作为氮源,将枸椽酸盐分解为二氧化碳,培养基反应后成碱性,由于枸椽酸盐试验: 某些细菌能利用枸椽酸盐作为碳源,及磷酸铵作为氮源,将枸椽酸盐分解为二氧化碳,培养基反应后成碱性,由于指示剂的作用,培养基变为兰色。说明:SN标准所用
24、培养基是肉汤培养基,且不加指示剂,因此,只能观察是否浑浊生长。Koser氏枸椽酸盐肉汤磷酸氢铵钠(NaNH4HPO44H2O) 1.5g磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4) 1.0g硫酸镁(MgSO47H2O) 0.2g枸椽酸钠(含2H2O)3.0g蒸馏水 1000.0mL将各成分溶解于蒸馏水中,分装试管,每管10 mL,121高压灭菌15min。最终pH6.70.2。4 LST肉汤:于361培养482h,观察试管中是否产气。5革兰氏染色:取18h营养琼脂斜面培养物作革兰氏染色。大肠杆菌为革兰氏阴性。大肠杆菌与非大肠杆菌生化鉴别如下:靛 基 质 MR VP 枸椽酸盐 鉴定(型别) 典型大肠杆菌 非典型大
25、肠杆菌 典型中间型 非典型中间型 典型产气肠杆菌 非典型产气肠杆菌如出现上表以外的生化反应类型,表明培养物可能不纯,应重新划线分离,必要时做重复试验。结果报告:大肠杆菌为革兰氏阴性无芽孢杆菌,发酵乳糖产酸产气,IMViC试验为或,再根据LST肉汤阳性管数查MPN表,报告每克(毫升)样品中大肠杆菌MPN值。第二篇大肠菌群测定的操作细则(MPN法)大肠菌群系指一群能发酵乳糖、产酸产气、需氧和兼性厌氧的革兰氏阴性无芽胞杆菌。该菌主要来于人畜粪便,故以此作为粪便污染指标来评价食品的卫生质量,推断食品中有否污染肠道致病菌的可能。 食品中大肠菌群数系以100mL(g)检样内大肠菌群最可能数(MPN)表示。
26、 1 设备和材料 1.1 温箱:361。 1.2 冰箱:04。 1.3 恒温水浴 :44.50.5。 1.4 天平。 1.5 显微镜。 1.6 均质器或乳钵。 1.7 平皿:直径为90mm。 1.8 试管。 1.9 吸管。 1.10 广口瓶或三角烧瓶:容量为500mL。 1.11 玻璃珠:直径约5mm。 1.12 载玻片。 1.13 酒精灯。 1.14 试管架。 2 培养基和试剂 2.1 乳糖胆盐发酵管:按GB 4789.28中4.9规定。 2.2 伊红美蓝琼脂平板:按GB 4789.28中4.25规定。 2.3 乳糖发酵管:按GB 4789.28中4.10规定。 2.4 EC 肉汤:按GB 4789.28中4.11规定。 2.5 磷酸盐缓冲稀释液:按GB 4789.28中3.22规定。 2.6 生理盐水。 2.7 革兰氏染色液:按GB 47
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