医学考博写作课程讲义全.docx

1、医学考博写作课程讲义全第一部分医学考博写作简介摘要写作概况例句： 随着现代医疗科技的发展，越来越多的疾病找到了治疗方式。With the developme nt of moder n medical scie nee and tech no logy, surge on s/doctors have found cures for more and more diseases.（正）As developping of modren medical scienee and techonlogy, more and more diseases find cures. （误）单词的记忆与应用单词怎

2、么背？背准单词的四个方面：1、 读音2、 外形3、 词义4、 用练习：practice对写作的整体认识认识两个人：出题的和改卷的1、 出题的：a.内容：医学科普文章b.形式c.时间和字数：50分钟；约200词2、 改卷的：高分策略：1、字迹清楚；段落明朗2、 要点完整；紧扣提纲3、 首保正确；再求闪光4、 主体段落；先总后分5、语句连贯；连词用上评分实例实例一Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic It Pays to Be Hon est. You sh

3、ould write at least 150 words and base your compositi on on the outl ine give n in Chin ese below:1当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象。2诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实。1.In our moder n social life, there are many examples around us show many people are cheated. Advertiseme nts cheat people, salesme n cheat people, even on es closest fr

4、iends cheat him or her. So many heartbreaks are heard everyday that we cannot help ask ing: where is our hon est exist?Everybody is taught hon est in the primary school or even in the kin dergarte n. Hon esty does good not only to ourselves, but to others as well. If we are hon est to others. We wil

5、l be happier and be in a better mood. Otherwise, well feel guilt at last. To a compa ny and its advertiseme nt, hon esty will bring it more consumer and more profit. If we cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone. To a compa ny, no con sumer will buy your product ag

6、a inSo, as the above is said, it pays to be honest. Lets create a morally outstanding social . （11 分）2.Although hon esty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dish on est people in our society. For example, some bus in essme n sell fake product to their con sumers; some stude nts cheat i n the

7、 exams.Dish on est people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first, but con sumers wont buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or eve n be sent to pris on. By con trast, hon est people gain a lot. Those who always tell truth or keep to t

8、heir promise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Such pers ons are sure to have a lot of good frien ds. Because they are trustable and respectable, every one is eager to make friends with them. Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good

9、 job. Gen erally speak ing, every employer wants his employees to be hon est. So we can say that anyone who is honest will be paid back later . （18 分）3.With the developme nt of moder n econo mic and in dustry, competitive is beco ming more and more obvious. At the same time, the performa nce of dish

10、 on est is beco ming more and more clearly .Nowadays, there are many dish on est performa nce in our society. For example, some people found that he saled goods had past the preservatio n date. Not throw them away, they revised the perservati on date, and sated them aga in after several days. Ano th

11、er case in the point, a pair of shoes was made from goat. However, in order to sale at a high price, the salers would say they were made from cow which has good quality .From the forego ing, we can see that disho nest dose not only harm to yourselves but also harm to others. And it is no use only re

12、alise the harm ness of dish on est. We should be hon est from now on and be honest in our daily life. （7 分）第二部分写作常见错误分析六种易犯错误4.句子成分缺失If work hard, we will surely be successful.Everywhere can find skyscrapers and flyovers in Beiji ng today.The apples five dollars per kilo. / This girl very beautiful.

13、Fin ally, the service. The can tee n workers arent patie nt eno ugh whe n servi ng us.（二） 动词形式错误1.时态错误3.单复数错误1） A/The Wise man seeks opportunities rather than wait for them.（三） 代词错误1） As long as one works hard, you can learn English well.（四） 冠词错误（五）词性错误错误改正方式1、 老师修改2、 自己修改(互相修改)3、 跟范文对照4、 对译第四部分句子写作

14、练习复合句1将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为主语从句。1)They need more help in English.That is quite obvious.2)She is still alive.That is good n ews.3)She will come here.It does nt seem likely.4)We are badly in need of something.It is raw material.3将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句，并且用 it作形式宾语。1)I was far more intelligent than h

15、e was.I always took that for gran ted.2) You were unable to attend our meeting.We all thought that was a pity.3)You should mind your manners.We con sider that is importa nt.4)He was too ill to go on working.He did nt want that to be known.5将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为同位语从句。1)He is growing old.Noth ing coul

16、d hide the fact.2)He works hard.The fact does not n ecessarily mea n that he is a compete nt leader.3)I have a complace nt feeli ng.I feel that Im highly intelligent.4) He expla ined that he did nt see the no tice.The expla nati on is un satisfactory.6将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为定语从句。1)I have an arrangemen

17、t with my bank.By the arran geme nt they let me use their money and repay them nextmon th.2)He sent her a letter.In the letter he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.3)Mr. Brown just came from Britain yesterday.He will teach us acco unting this term.4)She is going to spe nd the win te

18、r holidays in Hainan.She has some relatives there.7将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为状语从句。(as long as, on con diti on that, lest, so.that, such.that, in case, as if, now that, whether.or, however,)1)Youve bought a new car.What are you going to do with the old one?2)Wed better take the telescope with us.Perhaps i

19、t is n eeded.3)We must hurry off.Otherwise, we might miss the bus.复杂的简单句2起伴随或补充说明作用的从句、 简单句或并列谓语往往可以改写为 “ with+名词+分词/形容词/介词词组”的结构作状语。1)They wear layers of clothes even in summer time. Newspapers arestuffed betwee n the layers as further protect ion aga inst bad weather.2)If more people help them, th

20、ey probably will be able to accomplish thetask ahead of time.3)As all his savings were gone, he started to look for a job.4)In the corner there is a table, One of its legs is shorter than the others.5)When the job was finished, we went to the seaside for a holiday.1 表示时间、让步或条件的状语从句往往可以改写为介词词组作状语。1)T

21、hey looked both ways before they crossed the street.2)l made my decisi on after I talked to Sir Fran cis.3)Although he was ill, he was determined to carry out his plan.4)Although theyre intelligent, they arent doing well in school.5)Although hes rich, he isnt very happy.6)If we had your support, we

22、might succeed in performing our task.7)Even if there were air and water, pla nts still could nt grow on the moon.8)If you dont work hard, you will accomplish nothing.9)If it had not been for their assistanee, he would have found himself in trouble.3还有另外一些从句或简单句也可以改写为介词词组作状语。1)She wont go home until

23、she has taken the exam.2)Because he had a bad leg, he could nt walk as fast as the others.3)We are full aware that the situation is serious.4)She hurried back to school for fear that she miss too many lessons.5)We should not criticize Susa n for what she has done. In stead, we ought to praise her fo

24、r it.6)Dr. Wils on did not go to New York yesterday to atte nd his daughters weddi ng. He flewtoFlorida for an emerge ncy case.4系表结构的定语从句往往可以改写为直接用形容词、介词词组或分词结构作定语。1)I love girls who are intelligent.2)At the party, I got to know a professor who is in his thirties.3)I hate to see letters that are wri

25、tten in pencil.4)The substanee, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized medicine.5)Among those who are taking part in the work, he is probably the most active.5两个句子的主语一致时，其中一个往往可以改写成分词结构作状语1)Every one of us had been convinced that the project was feasible by the time we left the

26、meeti ng.2)As Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic he looked tired out.3)Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Un der such circumsta nces, they resort to smok ing.4)College students now are primarily interested in grades and eco

27、nomic success. They cheat on exams more freque ntly.6两个句子的主语相关但不一致时，其中一个句子往往可以改写成分词的独立结构作状语。1)He sat in front of them. And his dusty face masked his age.2)She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room. Her heartbeat fast.3)The old beggar sat at the comer. Tears welled up in his eyes.

28、4)Jim continued on his way. The dog was jumping about in front of him.5)The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile. Her long hair flowed in thebreeze.7解释性的语句往往可以改写成同位语。1)This is Mr. Black. He is director of our hospital.2)Leave it to me, said Peter. Peter was the man on duty.3)Qin ghai Lake is the

29、largest i nland body of salt water in Chin a. It lies 3195meters above sea level.4)The whole pla n was completed with in three mon ths. That is half the usualtime.5)He read all kinds of books. They were ancient and modern, Chinese andforeig n.6)He was formerly a worker himself. He is now an engineer

30、.省略句英语经常省略与上文相同的内容或虽无其词已有其意的内容。1)You can do it this way if you care to do it.2)His face is tanned and his hands are big and strong.3)Fill in the blanks with articles wherever they are necessary.4)As it was scheduled, they met on January 20 at the Chinese Embassy.5)The boy looked as if he were afraid

31、 of nothing.6)When you are in need, dont hesitate to ask me for money.7)When he was still a young man, he was appo in ted to that positi on.倒装句英语的句子在以下几种情况下可以倒装。1否定词位于句首时1)I have never been to Europe.2)He had hardly eaten anything before the dinner was over.3)She had scarcely fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.4)Anne had arrived no sooner than she fell ill.5)She cares little about what others say about her.2.so,neither,nor等词位于句首，表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时1)Richard can speak Japanese. His sister can speak Japanese, too.2)Copper is a good con ductor. Many other metals are good con