果树嫁接技术方法.docx

1、果树嫁接技术方法果树嫁接技术方法1、选择适应当地生产条件，具备早实、丰产、优质引入嫁接代数少，生产健壮的母树，选取生长充实的一年生外围粗壮发育枝或结果枝，在落叶到萌芽前的整个休眠期进行采集，一般结合修剪进行采集，随剪随采，按品种50或100条为一捆，并挂上标签。 2、常规贮藏办法是穗条采回整理后，要及时放在低温保湿的深窖或山洞内贮藏，温度要求低于4?C ，湿度达90%以上，在窖内贮藏时，应将穗条下半部埋在湿沙中，上半截露在外面，捆与捆之间用湿沙隔离，窖口要盖严，保持窖内冷凉，这样可贮至5月下旬到6月上旬，在贮藏期间要经常检查沙子的温度和窖内的湿度，防止穗条发热霉烂或失水风干。若无地窖也可在土壤

2、结冻前在冷凉高燥背阴处挖贮藏沟，沟深80cm，宽100cm，长度依穗条多少而定。入沟前先在沟内铺2-3cm的干净河沙(含水量不超过10%)，穗条倾斜摆放沟内，充填河沙至全部埋没，沟面上盖防雨材料。也可将整理好的穗条放入塑料袋中，填入少量锯末、河沙等保湿物，扎紧袋口，置于冷库中贮藏，温度保持3-5?C。其优点是省工、省力，缺点是接穗易失水，影响成活率，所以现在推广使用蜡封接穗。 3、蜡封接穗:其目的是:使接穗减少水分的蒸发，保证接穗从嫁接到成活一段时间的生命力。其方法是接穗采集后，按嫁接时所需的长度进行剪截，一般接穗枝段长度为10-15厘米，保留3个芽以上，顶端具饱满芽，枝条过粗的应稍长些，细的

3、不宜过长。剪穗时应注意剔除有损伤、腐烂、失水及发育不充实的枝条，并且对结果枝应剪除果痕。封蜡时先将工业石蜡放在较深的容器内加热融化，待蜡温95?C -102?C时，将剪好的接穗枝段一头迅速在蜡液中蘸一下(时间在1秒以内，一般为0.1秒)，再换另一头速蘸。要求接穗上不留未蘸蜡的空间，中间部位的蜡层可稍有重叠。注意蜡温不要过低或过高，过低则蜡层厚，易脱落，过高则易烫伤接穗。蜡封接穗要完全凉透后再收集贮存，可放在地窖、山洞中，要保持窖内温度及湿度。 二、嫁接方式 1-3年生幼树嫁接，一般采用苗木嫁接法，嫁接苗开始结果早，能保持品种的优良性状。 3-5年生以上、树冠较大、分枝级次较多的砧木，一般采用多

4、头高接即根据原树冠骨架的枝类分布情况，在较高的部位嫁接较多的枝头，尽可能少的缩小树冠。其特点是: 1、可充分利用原有树冠骨架，接头多、树冠恢复快，能保持树体上下平衡。 2、伤口较小，愈合容易，嫁接方法因部位不同而多种多样。 3、可充分利用树冠内膛，插枝补空，增加结果部位。 4、嫁接后结果早、产量高，一般嫁接后第二年可恢复甚至超过原树产量，第三年可恢复树冠，获得高产。 对于较大的树，嫁接部位要按照主枝长、侧枝短、主从关系明显的原则，在骨干枝上尽可能多接头，光秃带用腹接补空;除主侧枝头外，其它枝的嫁接部位截留枝段长度一般距其母枝15-20cm左右，粗枝稍长，细枝稍短;接口直径一般应选在3-5cm处

5、，树龄较大的最粗and due diligence evaluations article 22nd head office, branch (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management branch within the Departments credit business person assumed responsibility for the supervision and inspection and due diligence evaluations. Article 23rd, Head Office, branch

6、es (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing Management Department through on-site and off-site inspection, investigation report, interviews with investigators for pre-loan investigation work by way of conducting supervision and inspection, quality evaluation pre-loan investigation work, and based

7、on the evaluation results, the implementation of diversity management. 24th the control and inspection (a) the implementation of the credit system: there is no breach of credit policy relating to the granting of credit and the head office; (B) dual credit rating: timeliness of ratings, whether the p

8、rovisions of the rating, rating results are accurate; (C) the survey contents: data collection is complete, report writing is comprehensive, indicators analysis is objective, real, conclusions and the facts are consistent and reasonable; (D) double implementation of investigations system: practical

9、implementation of double system; (E) other supervision and inspection of the contents. 25th due diligence evaluation offices and branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing Management Department agreed to carry out pre-loan investigation supervision and inspection work, evaluate whether inve

10、stigators due diligence to determine whether the exemption should be. Investigators should be compatible with. Due diligence assessment should be based on the fact that, following the principles of objectivity, impartiality and fairness. Article 26th head 不宜超过8cm。 三、嫁接时期 一般在砧木芽萌动前或开始萌动而未展叶时进行，过早则伤口愈

11、合慢且易遭不良气候或病虫损害，过晚则易引起树势衰弱，甚至到冬季死亡。实践中，春季嫁接在萌芽前10天到萌芽期最为适宜，同时在气温较高、晴朗的天气嫁接成活较好。 四、嫁接方法 嫁接方法很多，依接穗利用情况，分芽接和枝接;根据嫁接部位不同，分根接、根茎接、二重接、腹接、高接;从接口形式分，有劈接、切接、插皮接、嵌芽接、舌接、靠接等，但基本的嫁接方法是芽接和枝接。 下图是果树上最常用的插皮接和T字形芽接图解请参考: 果树的嫁接时间 果树嫁接的季节是开春前还是开春后进行更好,一般每个品种嫁接的时间都是一样的吗,比如藤科的和其他的。葡萄的要比其他的提前吗, 枝接法:三月下旬至四月上旬;芽接法六月下旬至九月

12、上旬;靠接法:中春;平接法:初春。葡萄的时间也一样。 and due diligence evaluations article 22nd head office, branch (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management branch within the Departments credit business person assumed responsibility for the supervision and inspection and due diligence evaluations. Article 23rd,

13、Head Office, branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing Management Department through on-site and off-site inspection, investigation report, interviews with investigators for pre-loan investigation work by way of conducting supervision and inspection, quality evaluation pre-loan investigati

14、on work, and based on the evaluation results, the implementation of diversity management. 24th the control and inspection (a) the implementation of the credit system: there is no breach of credit policy relating to the granting of credit and the head office; (B) dual credit rating: timeliness of rat

15、ings, whether the provisions of the rating, rating results are accurate; (C) the survey contents: data collection is complete, report writing is comprehensive, indicators analysis is objective, real, conclusions and the facts are consistent and reasonable; (D) double implementation of investigations

16、 system: practical implementation of double system; (E) other supervision and inspection of the contents. 25th due diligence evaluation offices and branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing Management Department agreed to carry out pre-loan investigation supervision and inspection work, ev

17、aluate whether investigators due diligence to determine whether the exemption should be. Investigators should be compatible with. Due diligence assessment should be based on the fact that, following the principles of objectivity, impartiality and fairness. Article 26th head and due diligence evaluat

18、ions article 22nd head office, branch (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management branch within the Departments credit business person assumed responsibility for the supervision and inspection and due diligence evaluations. Article 23rd, Head Office, branches (jurisdiction), risk managemen

19、t, Marketing Management Department through on-site and off-site inspection, investigation report, interviews with investigators for pre-loan investigation work by way of conducting supervision and inspection, quality evaluation pre-loan investigation work, and based on the evaluation results, the im

20、plementation of diversity management. 24th the control and inspection (a) the implementation of the credit system: there is no breach of credit policy relating to the granting of credit and the head office; (B) dual credit rating: timeliness of ratings, whether the provisions of the rating, rating r

21、esults are accurate; (C) the survey contents: data collection is complete, report writing is comprehensive, indicators analysis is objective, real, conclusions and the facts are consistent and reasonable; (D) double implementation of investigations system: practical implementation of double system;

22、(E) other supervision and inspection of the contents. 25th due diligence evaluation offices and branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing Management Department agreed to carry out pre-loan investigation supervision and inspection work, evaluate whether investigators due diligence to determ

23、ine whether the exemption should be. Investigators should be compatible with. Due diligence assessment should be based on the fact that, following the principles of objectivity, impartiality and fairness. Article 26th head 番茄+扁豆小白菜+芹菜莴苣 一地多种蔬菜高效种植模式 早春番茄早秋花椰菜冬莴苣 茄子熱水萝卜秋莴苣 二、蔬菜高效种植模式 茄子油麦菜秋延辣椒 辣椒,苋菜,

24、丝瓜香菜西芹 茄子,苦瓜热水萝卜秋延辣椒 早辣椒秋黄瓜小白菜莴苣 早春茄子延秋黄瓜 早辣椒,苦瓜热水萝卜秋延辣椒 辣椒西瓜,豇豆莴苣 辣椒生菜秋莴苣油白菜 早辣椒早大白菜秋黄瓜 早辣椒小白菜延秋番茄 早辣椒小白菜延秋红辣椒 早辣椒油麦菜秋延辣椒 早辣椒,丝瓜芹菜花椰菜 早辣椒夏黄瓜藜蒿 早春辣椒夏西瓜秋豌豆 辣椒西瓜豆角莴苣 辣椒甜瓜莴苣 早春红辣椒秋苦瓜莴苣 辣椒西芹菠菜生菜西兰花 辣椒,荠菜,丝瓜黄瓜,苋菜 辣椒荆芥苦瓜黄瓜莴苣 辣椒樱桃萝卜架豆萝卜 早辣椒早大白菜甘蓝 早辣椒叫、白菜花椰菜 大棚辣椒藜蒿 冬春辣椒育苗,丝瓜,辣椒黄瓜秋莴苣 冬季茄果类育苗春黄瓜夏芫荽 大蒜 番茄早大白菜秋

25、延辣椒 番茄小白菜秋茄子 番茄,丝瓜(或苦瓜)延秋莴苣 番茄瓜类大白菜 番茄抗热青菜青蒜结球生菜 秋冬番茄春蕹菜夏丝瓜 春番茄夏豇豆延秋莴苣 番茄丝瓜樱桃萝卜西芹豆类育苗 早番茄小白菜秋莴苣 早番茄豇豆红菜薹 大棚早春番茄延秋番茄 大棚春番茄夏豇豆秋延辣椒 番茄大白菜莴苣 早番茄秋辣椒冬莴苣 极早番茄苦瓜 and due diligence evaluations article 22nd head office, branch (jurisdiction), risk management, marketing management branch within the Departments

26、 credit business person assumed responsibility for the supervision and inspection and due diligence evaluations. Article 23rd, Head Office, branches (jurisdiction), risk management, Marketing Management Department through on-site and off-site inspection, investigation report, interviews with investi

27、gators for pre-loan investigation work by way of conducting supervision and inspection, quality evaluation pre-loan investigation work, and based on the evaluation results, the implementation of diversity management. 24th the control and inspection (a) the implementation of the credit system: there

28、is no breach of credit policy relating to the granting of credit and the head office; (B) dual credit rating: timeliness of ratings, whether the provisions of the rating, rating results are accurate; (C) the survey contents: data collection is complete, report writing is comprehensive, indicators an

29、alysis is objective, real, conclusions and the facts are consistent and reasonable; (D) double implementation of investigations system: practical implementation of double system; (E) other supervision and inspection of the contents. 25th due diligence evaluation offices and branches (jurisdiction),

30、risk management, Marketing Management Department agreed to carry out pre-loan investigation supervision and inspection work, evaluate whether investigators due diligence to determine whether the exemption should be. Investigators should be compatible with. Due diligence assessment should be based on

31、 the fact that, following the principles of objectivity, impartiality and fairness. Article 26th head 向旋转，下压角度为90-120度，旋转角度均为180度，即可将直旺背上枝转成半侧位下垂状。如修剪苹果树 分段转枝效果好 右手在下，则逆时针转向下压至半侧半下垂状态。从基部转枝，要达到基部裂而不断的效果。在转的过程中，当听到轻脆的啪的一声后，且基部出现 苹果树夏秋季修剪的方法很多，但往往比较3-5厘米的顺枝裂纹，即达到转枝效果。 复杂，果农难以掌握施行。而采用分段转枝手法代替其他如环剥环割、拉枝

32、刻芽等传统复杂手法，可 对于斜旺枝，可以从基部15-25厘米起，每以获取苹果树树势中庸健壮、病虫害降低、且能连隔15-20厘米进行1次转枝，转到半侧状或半下年结出串串精果的效果。 垂状;对于侧位前强后弱枝，可以从强弱交接处转枝，转到阴阳面位置互换即可。 多年生产实践表明，被转枝结果下垂后，既可以收到早果、丰产、优质的效果，又可以达到简化栽培、精果高效目的;同时还可以减少提前落叶;只要每个主枝上培养5-8个这样的结果枝群，改形后的果树便迅速增加内堂结果枝(群)，这些结果枝群都能产下个大、形正、色艳的优质果品，并可持续优质稳产。 转枝对象和时间:多年生结果较少、结果后枝条不易下垂的枝，和当年生木质化的强旺枝或强旺果苔副稍。整个生长季节皆可转枝。严格来说分三次，即萌芽前后、5-6月中旬和8-9月中旬最好。 转枝部位和角度:除了对各分枝30-50厘米疏枝外，一般只要在强弱交接处采用转枝，配合强旺当年枝分段转枝，就能收到理想效果。一般来说，通过把强旺枝转动180度，即把叶片面上变成面下即可。