考研常用翻译技巧总结14页.docx

1、考研常用翻译技巧总结14页常用翻译技巧总结翻译题里考察三方面内容：1、专有名词(如operational research expert)、习惯用法(如depend on)及多义词的翻译(如school、set的多义)2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等)其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题(常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解)一、常用方法英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞

2、等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或There be.结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补

3、出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确

4、。如：(1) What about calling him right away?马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？ (增译主语和谓语)(2) If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！(增译主句)(3) Indeed, the reverse is true实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词)(4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rig

5、hts.(增译物主代词)(5)只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词)(6)这是我们两国人民的又一个共同点。This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词)(7)在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。In the field of human rights, China opposes

6、 the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语)(8)三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语)2.省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。又如：(1) You will be staying in this hotel durin

7、g your visit in Beijing.你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。(省译物主代词)(2) I hope you will enjoy your stay here.希望您在这儿过得愉快。(省译物主代词) (3)中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。 The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词) 3转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形

8、容词、动词；把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词；把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语；把谓语变成主语、定语、表语；把定语变成状语、主语；把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。如： (1)我们学院受教委和市政府的双重领导。 Our institute is co-administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词) (2) Too much ex

9、posure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children. 孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词) (3)由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。 Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词) (4) Im all for you opinion. 我完全赞成你的意见。(介词转动词)

10、 (5) The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people. 改革开放政策受到了全中国人民的拥护。(动词转名词) (6) In his article the author is critical of mans negligence toward his environment. 作者在文章中，对人类疏忽自身环境作了批评。(形容词转名词) (7) In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social ben

11、efits such as medical insurance. 在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。(被动语态转主动语态) (8)时间不早了，我们回去吧！ We dont have much time left. Lets go back. (句型转换) (9)学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。 All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名词转副词) 4.拆句法和合并法(和唐静老师的很想象)：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单

12、的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如： (1) Increased cooperation with China is in the interests

13、 of the United States. 同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。 (在主谓连接处拆译) (2) I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. 我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。(在定语从句前拆译) (3) This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see

14、Britains membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account 英联邦各国尤其如此，它们认为英国加入欧共体，将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。(在定语从句前拆译) (4)中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。 China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged i

15、n agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.(合译) 5.正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。如： (1)在美国，人人都能买到枪。 In the Unite

16、d States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译) In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译) (2)你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。 You can obtain this information on the Internet. (正译) This information is accessible/available on the Internet. (反译) (3)他突然想到了一个新主意。 Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译) He suddenly thoug

17、ht out a new idea. (正译) A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. (反译) (4)他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。 He still could not understand me. (正译) Still he failed to understand me. (反译) (5)无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。 She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译) She is anything but a bright student. (反译) (6) Please withho

18、ld the document for the time being. 请暂时扣下这份文件。(正译) 请暂时不要发这份文件。(反译)二、被动语态译法英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛,尤其是在科技英语中,被动语态几乎随处可见,凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态,因此,掌握被动语态的翻译方法,对于硕士研究生入学考试的复习与应考是极为重要的,因为在硕士研究生入学考试中，英译汉文章的内容多以科普文章为主。在汉语中,也有被动语态,通常通过把或被等词体现出来,但它的使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围,因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。对于英语原文的被动结构,我

19、们一般采取下列的方法:1.翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。(1)英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时,我们往往在译文中使用了加以, 经过, 用.来等词来体现原文中的被动含义。例如:例1. Other questions will be discussed briefly.其它问题将简单地加以讨论。例2. In other words mineral substances which are found on earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificia

20、l explosions, or similar operations which make them available to us.换言之,矿物就是存在于地球上,但须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆破或类似作业才能获得的物质。例3. Nuclear powers danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.核能对健康、安全,甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词 - 辐射来概括。(2)将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语,同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语。例如:例1. I

21、t could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.可能有人会指出,无线电广播同样也能做到这一点,但还是电视屏幕上的节目要生动、真实得多。例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest developments in scien

22、ce and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (85年考题)人们常说,电视使人了解时事,熟悉政治领域的最新发展变化,并能源源不断地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又有趣的节目。例3. It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personali

23、ty.人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。另外,下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:It is asserted that .有人主张.It is believed that .有人认为.It is generally considered that .大家(一般人)认为It is well known that .大家知道(众所周知).It will be said .有人会说.It was told that .有人曾经说.(3)将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语,在此情况下,英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。例如:例

24、1. A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。例2. By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.大战结束时,这个组织拯救了八百人,但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。例3. And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind

25、 can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. (93年考题)许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握。(4)翻译成汉语的无主句。例如:例1. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up

26、 the habit.应该尽最大努力告? nbsp|年轻人吸烟的危害,特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。(82年考题)例2. By this procedure, different honeys have been found to vary widely in the sensitivity of their inhibit to heat.通过这种方法分析发现不同种类的蜂蜜的抗菌活动对热的敏感程度也极为不同。例4. Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of t

27、hem being perhaps the hovercraft.在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具,其中最奇特的也许就是气垫船了。例5. New source of energy must be found, and this will take time.必须找到新的能源，这需要时间.(91年考题)另外,下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:It is hoped that .希望.It is reported that .据报道.It is said that .据说.It is supposed that .据推测.It may be said without fear of exag

28、geration that .可以毫不夸张地说.It must be admitted that .必须承认.It must be pointed out that .必须指出.It will be seen from this that .由此可见.(5)翻译成带表语的主动句。例如:例1. The decision to attack was not taken lightly.进攻的决定不是轻易作出的。例2. On the whole such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only

29、if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. (92年考题)总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的,但必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

30、(注意上述翻译技巧在该句翻译中的综合运用。)2.译成汉语的被动语态。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常用被, 给, 遭, 挨, 为.所, 使, 由., 受到等表示。例如:例1. Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的。例2. These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的。例3.

31、 Natural light or white light is actually made up of many colours.自然光或者白光实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。例4. The behaviour of a fluid flowing through a pipe is affected by a number of factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the speed at which it is pumped.流体在管道中流动的情况,受到诸如流体粘度、泵送速度等各种因素的影响。例5. They may have been a source of part of the atmosphere of the terrestrial planets, and they are believed to have been the planetesimal-like building blocks for some of the outer planets and their satellites.它们可能一直是地球行星的一部分大气的来源。它们还被认为是构成外部行星以及其卫星的