商务合同的用词规范.docx

1、商务合同的用词规范商务合同的用词规范具有法律效力的商务合同用词都很正式、规范，避免口语化。如： The Licensee will notify the Licensor and shall assist the Licensor in taking such action as the Licensor deems appropriate. 显然， 该句中的notify、assist、deem比同义词inform、help、think更为正式。如果句中接连出现这类词语，其风格自然显得郑重、严肃具有浓厚的正式文体色彩。 再比如：The term “Effective date” means t

2、he date on which this Agreement is duly executed by the parties hereto. 该句中的execute较sign正式。 （一）注意介词或介词短语的翻译 14）The participants in the Joint Venture shall commence discussion with regard to the extension of the period of existence of the Venture and in the event of their agreeing upon such extension

3、， they shall record such agreement in a written document signed by all of them not later than three years prior to the expiry of the current period.（就本合资企业的存续时限的延期问题，各方应进行讨论；一旦各方就此达成一致，应形成书面协议，由各方在本合同期限到期之前的三年内签字生效。） 本句中用with regard to，in the event of和prior to分别代替about，in case of和before.当然，商务英语词语选择中

4、的正式性与非正式性是相对而言的，且无优劣之分，一切需视具体的使用场合而定。 15）These articles shall apply to documentary credits， including stand by letters of credit， to the extent to which the credits in question shall be applicable， and shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract， unless otherwise expressly agreed by the Parties

5、thereto.（本条文适用于一切跟单信用证，并包括在其适用范围内的备用信用证，对合同各有关方面均具有约束力，除非另有约定。） 本句中的unless otherwise比if not和 otherwise表达正式。该词由两个同义词 unless和otherwise组成，otherwise有代词作用，后面一般跟动词的过去分词限定，意为“除非另……”；再如“unless otherwise specified in the Contract / the Letter of Credit”，即可译为“除非合同/信用证另有规定”。 16）On the FOB basis，

6、the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract.（按照FOB条件，由买方负责根据合同规定的装运日期洽定舱位。） 同under、pursuant to一样，上例中的in accordance with是法律文件中常用的词汇，均作“根据”、“按照”解，比according to正式。 （二）注意词语并列的现象（juxtaposition） 国际商务合同力求正式而准确，避免可能出现的误解或分歧，所以同义词（近义词）并列的现象十分普遍。有时候是出于

7、严谨和杜绝漏洞的考虑，有时候也属于合同用语的固定模式。比如，terms在合同中一般指付款或费用（手续费、佣金等有关金钱的）条件，而conditions则指其它条件，但是“terms and conditions”常常作为固定模式在合同中出现，就不宜分译成“条件和条款”，而直接合译成“条款”。再如： 17）This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B. 18）The amendments to or alteration of this contract become effect only

8、after they are signed by parties hereto and approved by the original approving authorities. 19）If the contract shall duly perform and observe all terms， provisions， conditions and stipulations of the said contract， the otherwise shall be remain in full force and effect. 对于合同中出现的同义词、近义词、相关词的并列现象，翻译时应

9、仔细考虑单词的内涵、合同文体以及句法要求等相关因素。这里可以利用尤金·奈达的“动态对等理论”。所谓动态对等，就是译文与原文在效果（或功能）上达到对等，即译文读者的理解与感受与原文读者的理解与感受基本一致（与动态对等相对的是形式对等，即强调语言形式的对应）。 在以上三句中，“made and entered into”、“amendments to and alteration of ”、“terms， provisions， conditions and stipulations”、“force and effect”是几组同义词。根据动态对等的译法，它们的译文分别是“签订”、“

10、修改”、“各项规定”和“生效”，如不采用这种译法，而是逐字翻译，势必会使译文显得罗嗦而难以理解，总之，译者应时刻牢记中英文的各种表达法，来确保原文和译文最大可能地对应起来，真正做到准确严谨和规范通顺。 类似的表达还有：any and all（全部）、any duties， obligations or liabilities（所有责任）、applicable laws， regulations， decrees， directives， and rules（适用法律法规）、charges， fees， costs and expenses（各种费用）、covenants and agreeme

11、nts（合同，协议）、customs and usages（惯例）、free and clear of（无）、import duty and tax（进口税捐）、keep secret and confidential（保密）、licenses and permits（许可）、null and void（无效）、packing and wrapping expenses（包装费）、rights and interests（权益）、settle claims and debts（清理债务）、ships and vessels（船只）、sign and issue（签发）、support and

12、maintenance（维护）、use and wont（习惯，惯例），等等。 如果说商务合同的用词具有专业、准确、正式的特点，那么商务合同的句法则有结构严谨、句式较长的特点。句子的状语（从句）和定语（从句）等附加成分很多，且往往位置明显，对主句意义进行解释、限制或补充，一则可以体现这种文体庄严的风格、严谨的结构和清晰的逻辑；二则便于排除被曲解、误解而出现歧义引发争端的可能性，维护双方的合法权益。虽然商务合同英文中的句法特点有很多，比如多用陈述句、多用现在时、多用被动语态、多用名词性结构等等，但本节结合翻译难点，重点探讨长句，尤其是条件从句的特点和翻译方法。 短语与词组 -Unless oth

13、erwise： 除非。比if not 和 otherwise 正式。 Unless otherwise expressly specified in the Contract， the Engineer shall have no authority to relieve the Contractor of any of his obligations under the Contract. 除非在合同中明确规定，工程师无权解除合同规定的承包人的任何义务。 Unless otherwise specified in the credit， banks will accept transport

14、 documents indicating the third party other than the beneficiary of the credit as the consignor of the goods. 除非信用证另有规定，银行将接受表明以信用证受益人以外的第三者作为发货人的运输单据。 -in accordance with， under， pursuant to： 根据，依照 On the FOB basis， the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specifi

15、ed in the Contract. 按照FOB条款，由买方负责根据合同规定的装运日期预定舱位。 When， under the laws and approval from the relevant authorities， a limited liability company is converted into a company limited by shares， the total amount which shares are converted into shall be equivalent to the amount of the company‘s net

16、assets. 有限责任公司依法经批准更为股份有限公司时，折合的股份总额应当相当于公司的净资产额。 -in respect of， in respect thereof： 关于 比about， concerning， as regards 正式。 In respect thereof 在表示关于上文已提及的事项时使用。 The contractor has included a claim in respect thereof in his Final Statement. 承包人已在其最终报告中，包括了对此事的索赔。 Bank charges in respect of transfers

17、are payable by the first beneficiary unless otherwise specified by the bank. The transferring bank shall have no obligations to effect the transfer until such charges are paid. 除非银行另有规定，有关转让的银行费用应由第一受益人支付。在该费用付清之前，转让行无办理转让的义务。 -in the event that， in the event of， 如果，如果？发生 In the event that either pa

18、rty hereto fails to comply with the terms or conditions of this Agreement， and ， within 90 days after the written notice is issued by the other Party hereto， fails to remedy such failure， the Party giving notice may， forthwith， notify the other Party of the matter in question and terminate this Agre

19、ement. 若任何一方未能履行本协议规定的条款或条件，并在收到另一方书面通知后90天内未对其不履行进行补救，发出通知的一方可立即通知另一方终止本协议。 Either Party hereto may terminate this Agreement in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of the other party. 本协议任何一方可以在对方破产或资不抵债的情况下终止本协议。 -provided that， 但规定，规定；但是 该词组常用于在合同的某一条款中需要作进一步规定时，或在规定时语气上表示转折时。 The Engineer

20、may exercise such authority as is specified or necessarily implied in the Contract. Provided that if， under the terms and conditions of the appointment by the Employer， the Engineer shall be required to obtain the specific approval of the Employer before exercising any such authority， the details of

21、 the requirements in question shall be specified in the Contract. 工程师可行使合同中规定的或者合同中必然隐含的权力。但是，如果根据业主任命工程师的条件，要求工程师在行使上述权力之前，应得到业主的具体批准，则此类要求的细节应在本合同予以表明。 -be deemed， 被认为 正式用语，比be believed， be considered 正式。 In the absence of such indication， the Credit shall be deemed to be revocable. 如无该项表示，信用证应视为可

22、以撤消的。 Only the Defects Liability Certificate referred to in Clause 62， shall be deemed to constitute approval of the Works. 只有第62条规定中的缺陷责任书才能视为构成对工程的批准。 -in case， in （the） case of，如果，有“一旦，万一”的意思 In case the quality， quantity， weight of the goods are not in conformity with the provisions of the Contr

23、act after arrival of the goods at the port of destination， the Buyer may， under survey report issued by an inspection organization agreed by the partiers thereto， lodge claim with the Seller， with the exception， however， of those claims for which the insurance company and/or the shipping company sha

24、ll be responsible. 在货物运抵目的港后，一旦发现货物质量、数量或重量与合同规定的不符，买方可以根据双方同意的检验组织出具的检验证书，向卖方索赔。但是，应由保险公司或航运公司负责的损失除外。 -be liable for， be liable to Be liable for sth； be liable to sb.： be responsible in accordance with law. 应负有责任。 Party A shall not， under this guarantee， be liable for any direct or indirect loss w

25、hatsoever arising out of any defect in the parts or components thereof. 根据本担保，甲方不应承担因零部件缺陷而引起的任何直接或间接损失的赔偿责任。 A company may invest in other limited liability companies or companies limited by shares and be liable to the companies which it has invested in to the extent of the amount of capital invest

26、ed in such companies. 公司可以向其他有限责任公司或股份有限公司投资，并以该出资额为限对所投资公司承担责任。 -in Testimony Whereof In Testimony Whereof： in Witness Whereof， 以此为证，特立此证 作为正式性的体现，该短语常常在合同结尾条款中使用，以郑重其事，重申合同的严肃性、重要性；在句子结构上起到承前启后的作用，以引出结语。 In Testimony Whereof， this Contract shall come into effect after the Contract in question is m

27、ade and signed by the Parties hereto in duplicate， and either Party will hold one copy. 本合同由双方代表签字后生效，一式两份，双方各执一份。 In Testimony Whereof， the parties hereto have respectively caused this document to be made and executed in duplicate， as of the day and year first written above. 本文件一式两份，由本合同双方分别于上面所订日期

28、订立，特此为证。 In Testimony Whereof， the Parties hereto have caused this agreement to be duly made and executed as of the day and year first written above. 双方于协议文首所订日期，正式签署本合同，特此为证。 -Know All Men by there presents， undersigned， Now Therefore Know All Men by these presents： 根据本文件， 特此宣布。 Undesigned： 法律文件末尾的

29、签名者，前面加定冠词the，是指文件签署者的自称。 Now Therefore： 特此，因此等。 KNOW ALL MEN by there presents that we （bank‘s name） having our registered office at xxx（hereinafter called “the Bank”） will be bound unto （the Owner’s name） （hereinafter called “the Owner”） in the sum of xxxfor payment well and truly to b

30、e made to the said Owner， and the Bank will bind itself， its successors and assigns by these presents. 根据本文件，兹宣布，我行（银行名称），其注册地点在（注册地名）（以下称银行），向（业主名称）（以下称业主）立约担保支付（金额数）的保证金。本保证书对银行及其继承人和受让人均具有约束力。 The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transaction in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows： 兹经签约的买卖双方同意，按下列条款，达成这笔交易。