生物化学理论课件中科大绪论.ppt

1、生物化学生物化学Biochemistry周丛照周丛照 李卫芳李卫芳2008年年9月月1日日绪论绪论大纲：课程主要内容及要求大纲：课程主要内容及要求引子：生物化学的历史和发展趋势引子：生物化学的历史和发展趋势教材：教材：生物化学生物化学，第三版，王镜岩等主编，第三版，王镜岩等主编，2002年，高教出版社年，高教出版社参考书：参考书：1.Biochemistry,Jeremy M.Berg John L.Tymoczko Lubert Stryer 5th edition W.H.Freeman and Company2.Biochemistry,Donald Voet,Judith G.Voet

2、.3rd edition,2003,John Wiley&Sons,Inc.New York.生物化学（上）生物化学（上）5454学时学时第一章第一章 绪论绪论 (2(2学时学时)（周丛照）（周丛照）第二章第二章 蛋白质蛋白质 (16(16学时学时)（周丛照）（周丛照）2.1 202.1 20种氨基酸的结构和性质（种氨基酸的结构和性质（2 2学时）学时）2.2 2.2 蛋白质中的共价结构（蛋白质中的共价结构（2 2学时）学时）2.3 2.3 蛋白质的高级结构（蛋白质的高级结构（2 2学时）学时）2.4 2.4 血红蛋白的结构与功能（血红蛋白的结构与功能（2 2学时）学时）2.5 2.5 维持蛋

3、白质高级结构的作用力（维持蛋白质高级结构的作用力（2 2学时）学时）2.6 2.6 蛋白质折叠和结构进化蛋白质折叠和结构进化 （2 2学时）学时）2.7 2.7 蛋白质分离纯化（蛋白质分离纯化（4 4学时）学时）第三章第三章 核酸核酸 （6 6学时学时)（李卫芳）（李卫芳）3.1 3.1 核苷酸的结构和性质核苷酸的结构和性质 （2 2学时）学时）3.2 3.2 核酸的双螺旋结构核酸的双螺旋结构 （1 1学时）学时）3.3 3.3 维持核酸高级结构的作用力（维持核酸高级结构的作用力（2 2学时）学时）3.4 3.4 超螺旋结构（超螺旋结构（1 1学时）学时）第四章糖（第四章糖（4 4学时）学时）

4、（李卫芳）（李卫芳）4.14.1糖的生物学作用（糖的生物学作用（1 1学时）学时）4.24.2单糖和多糖（单糖和多糖（2 2学时）学时）4.34.3糖蛋白（糖蛋白（1 1学时）学时）第五章第五章 脂类和生物膜（脂类和生物膜（6 6学时）学时）（李卫芳）（李卫芳）5.15.1脂的分类和性质（脂的分类和性质（2 2学时）学时）5.25.2生物膜（生物膜（2 2学时）学时）5.35.3膜蛋白（膜蛋白（2 2学时）学时）第六章第六章 酶（酶（1414学时）学时）（李卫芳）（李卫芳）6.16.1酶的作用特征（酶的作用特征（2 2学时）学时）6.26.2酶的分类（酶的分类（1 1学时）学时）6.36.3酶

5、活力测定（酶活力测定（2 2学时）学时）6.46.4酶促反应动力学（酶促反应动力学（3 3学时）学时）6.56.5影响酶作用的因素（影响酶作用的因素（2 2学时）学时）6.66.6酶催化作用机理（酶催化作用机理（2 2学时）学时）6.76.7结构酶及其作用原理（结构酶及其作用原理（2 2学时）学时）第七章第七章 维生素与激素（维生素与激素（6 6学时）学时）（周丛照）（周丛照）7.17.1维生素与辅酶（维生素与辅酶（2 2学时）学时）7.27.2激素概述（激素概述（2 2学时）学时）7.37.3激素作用原理（激素作用原理（2 2学时）学时）生物化学（下）生物化学（下）3636学时学时第第 八八

6、 章章 代谢总论（代谢总论（2 2学时）学时）第第 九九 章章 生物膜和物质运输（生物膜和物质运输（2 2学时）学时）第第 十十 章章 糖酵解（糖酵解（6 6学时）学时）第十一章第十一章 柠檬酸循环柠檬酸循环 （6 6学时）学时）第十二章第十二章 氧化磷酸化（氧化磷酸化（5 5学时）学时）第十三章第十三章 光合作用（光合作用（2 2学时）学时）第十四章第十四章 糖原的分解和生物合成糖原的分解和生物合成 （5 5学时）学时）第十五章第十五章 脂肪酸代谢（脂肪酸代谢（4 4学时）学时）第十六章第十六章 氨基酸的分解代谢（氨基酸的分解代谢（2 2学时）学时）第十七章第十七章 核酸代谢（核酸代谢（2

7、2学时）学时）What is Biochemistry?thestudyofthosemoleculesusedandmanufacturedbyliving things.Three aspects of biochemistry:1)Biochemistry is concerned with structural chemistry.It seeks to determine the structures of molecules found in living systems in order to understand structure-function relationships

8、.2)Biochemistry is concerned with chemical change,this is reflected in the study of metabolic pathways 3)Biochemistry is concerned with information which has accumulated through evolution and is preserved in DNA(or sometimes RNA).These nucleic acid sequences code for amino acid sequences,which resul

9、t in folded proteins.These proteins are often catalysts(enzymes)and some of them are regulated(able to sense the chemical state inside the cell and,in some cases,the outside)Biochemistry through evolutionHow to build a life with molecules?Or The Molecular Design of LifeFour transitions through evolu

10、tion:1,chemicals,micromolecules 2,macrobiomolecules3,energy4,stress responseThe evolution of life required a series of transitions,beginning with the generation of organic molecules that could serve as the building blocks for complex biomolecules.The next major transition in the evolution of life wa

11、s the formation of replicating molecules.Evolution Requires Reproduction,Variation,and Selective PressureReplication,coupledwithvariationandselectivepressure,markedthebeginningofevolution.Variationwasintroducedbyanumberofmeans,fromsimplebasesubstitutionstotheduplicationofentiregenes.RNAappearstohave

12、beenanearlyreplicatingmolecule.Furthermore,someRNAmoleculespossesscatalyticactivity.However,therangeofreactionsthatRNAiscapableofcatalyzingislimited.Withtime,thecatalyticactivitywastransferredtoproteins,linearpolymersofthechemicallyversatileaminoacids.RNAdirectedthesynthesisoftheseproteinsandstilldo

13、esinmodernorganismsthroughthedevelopmentofageneticcode,whichrelatesbasesequencetoaminoacidsequence.Eventually,RNAlostitsroleasthegenetothechemicallysimilarbutmorestablenucleicacidDNA.Inmodernorganisms,RNAstillservesasthelinkbetweenDNAandprotein.Energy Transformations Are Necessary to Sustain Living

14、SystemsAnothermajortransitioninevolutionwastheabilitytotransformenvironmentalenergyintoformscapableofbeingusedbylivingsystems.ATPservesasthecellularenergycurrencythatlinksenergy-yieldingreactionswithenergy-requiringreactions.ATPitselfisaproductoftheoxidationoffuelmolecules,suchasaminoacidsandsugars.

15、Withtheevolutionofmembraneshydrophobicbarriersthatdelineatethebordersofcellsiongradientswererequiredtopreventosmoticcrises.ThesegradientswereformedattheexpenseofATPhydrolysis.Later,iongradientsgeneratedbylightortheoxidationoffuelmoleculeswereusedtosynthesizeATP.Cells Can Respond to Changes in Their

16、EnvironmentsThe final transition was the evolution of sensing and signaling mechanisms that enabled a cell to respond to changes in its environment.These signaling mechanisms eventually led to cell-cell communication,which allowed the development of more-complex organisms.The record of much of what has occurred since the formation of primitive organisms is written in the genomes of extant organisms.History of Biochemistry(up to 1982)1835 Jons Berzelius chemical catalysis,uses amylase(淀粉酶)as an e