1、版高三英语译林版一轮教师用书第2部分 专题三 代词和介词专题三代词和介词一、代词 全国卷考情分析题型分类典题试做命题解读语法填空1(2017年全国卷)However,the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months,more than 25,000 people were using it every day.2(2016年全国卷)On my recent visit,I held a lively threemonthold twin that had been rejected by its(it)
2、 mother.1考查人称代词的主格和宾格;2考查物主代词的基本用法;3考查it的基本用法;4考查不定代词和替代词的基本用法。短文改错1(2017年全国卷)Mr.and Mrs.Zhang work in our school.2(2016年全国卷)My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in a short period of time.Instead,he hopes that ourhis business will grow steadily.1代词单复数的错用;2人称代词与物主代词的错用;3不定代词的错用;4代词与其所指
3、代的对象不符。(对应学生用书第206页)人称代词、物主代词、反身代词先试做题组.单句语法填空1(2016年北京高考)We are very proud of ourselves(we) and believe we can do more for a better world.2(2017年江西九江一模)We valued every chance we could to keep us(we) both on the right track.单句改错(2016年四川高考)When he came back,I found a bunch of flowers in her hand.herh
4、is 【导学号:31670160】再解读要点1人称代词人称代词有主格(I,we,they,he,she,it)和宾格(me,us,them,him,her,it)等之分。主格在句中作主语;宾格用在及物动词或介词后作宾语,也可作表语或同位语。To really understand a man we must judge him in misfortune.只有在不幸时才能真正了解一个人。2物主代词形容词性物主代词(my,your,his,her,its,our,your,their)相当于形容词,在句中只能作名词或动名词的前置定语,不能单独使用。名词性物主代词(mine,yours,his,h
5、ers ,its,ours,yours,theirs)相当于“形容词性物主代词名词”,可单独作主语、表语和宾语,也可与of连用作后置定语,但不能单独作定语。(朗文辞典)The main difference between our brains and those of monkeys is that ours are bigger.我们的大脑和猴子的大脑之间的主要差别在于我们的要大些。3反身代词(1)反身代词(myself,ourselves,yourself,yourselves,themselves,himself,herself,itself)在句中可用作宾语或表语、同位语。还可以作名
6、词或代词的同位语,加强语气,表示“亲自,本人”的意思。(上海高考)If our parents do everything for us children,we wont learn to depend on ourselves.如果我们的父母为我们孩子们做一切,我们就无法学会独立。(2)含有反身代词的习惯用语 by oneself单独地,独自地 for oneself亲自,为自己seat oneself 坐下 behave oneself 举止得体say to oneself心里想 talk to oneself自言自语enjoy oneself 过得愉快 devote oneself to
7、 致力于help oneself to 随便吃;随便用 apply oneself to 专心致志于make yourself at home 不拘束 come to oneself恢复知觉;苏醒过来adapt/adjust oneself to适应于 abandon oneself to沉迷于,放纵于express oneself 表达某人的思想 lose oneself in (be lost in)迷失不定代词先试做题组.单句语法填空1I dont like this room.Im going to ask for another2(2017年山西太原二诊)Both teams wer
8、e in hard training; neither was willing to lose the game.单句改错(2017年江西六校联考)Failure is part of our life.Somebody has achieved great success without lots of failures.SomebodyNobody再解读要点1all,both,either,any,none,neither都任何一个都不部分否定两者botheitherneithernot eitherboth和not连用三者或三者以上allanynonenot anyall和not连用(2
9、015年福建高考)The research group produced two reports based on the survey,but neither contained any useful suggestions.以这个调查为基础,研究团队做了两个报告,但是两个都不包含任何有用的建议。(江西高考)When shall I call,in the morning or afternoon?我什么时候(给你)打电话方便,上午还是下午?Either.Ill be in all day.都可以,我将一整天都在家。2none,nothing,no one/nobodynonenone既指人
10、也指物,后面可接of短语,一般用来回答how many,how much 和which的提问nothingnothing只指物,后面不能接of短语,用来回答what的提问no one/nobodyno one和nobody只指人不指物,其后不接of短语,一般回答who的提问(2015年四川高考)Niki is always full of ideas,but none is useful to my knowledge.尼基点子总是很多,但是据我所知,没有一个是有用的。易错警示部分否定和全部否定(1)no one,none,nobody,nothing,not.any/either以及“no名
11、词”都表示全部否定;(2)all,both,everyone/everybody/everything以及“every名词”与not 连用时,表部分否定。3other,the other,others,the others,anotherthe otherthe other指两个人或物中的“另一个”,常与one连用,构成“one.the other.”(一个;另一个)another单独使用,泛指三者或三者以上的人或物中的“另一个”,代替单数可数名词。常与one连用,构成one.another.泛指“一个另一个”others,the othersothers泛指“其余的人或物”,相当于“othe
12、r可数名词复数”,不能作定语,常构成some.others.。the others特指“其余的所有人或物”,相当于“the other可数名词复数”(2015年陕西高考)To warm himself,the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other.为了暖和自己,那个海员坐在火堆前,两只光脚丫互相蹭着。(福建高考)In some countries,people eat with chopsticks,while in others,knives and forks.在一些国家,人们用筷子吃
13、饭,而在另外一些国家,人们用刀叉吃饭。it的用法先试做题组.单句语法填空1(2017年湖南衡阳八中、永州四中联考)I was conscious all the time when I was flying through the air,and it seemed a long time.2(2017年安徽望江中学月考)He admitted that when it comes to repairing a computer,he had little knowledge of it.单句改错Sometimes we may find difficult to follow the tea
14、cher and some slow learners may even give up learning English.find后加it再解读要点1指代前面所提到过的事情、事物、想法等,也可指代不清楚或没必要知道性别的说话对象。还指代时间、地点、距离、天气、季节等。(北京高考)The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase it.由于当地政府的努力,大城市的就业率不断上升。易错警示替代词(it,that,one
15、)的用法区别it特指前面提到过的同一个人或物that替代上文出现的“the不可数名词或单数可数名词”,表特指同类事物中的一个。其复数形式为thoseone替代上文出现的“a/an单数可数名词”,表泛指同类事物中的一个。其复数形式为ones2.it用作形式主语或形式宾语,而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面,真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。(天津高考)It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.对学生来说非常清楚的是他们应该为他们的将来做好准备。(山东高考)The tw
16、o girls are so alike that strangers find it difficult to tell one from the other.这两个女孩长得很像,陌生人很难把她们区分开来。名师点津it作形式主语或形式宾语的常考句式:(1)It is a pity/shame that.真可惜It is no wonder that.难怪It seems/appears that.似乎/看来It looks/seems as if/as though.看起来好像It happens that.碰巧It occurs to/comes to/strikes/hits sb.th
17、at.某人突然想起It is said/reported that.据说/据报道It is no use/good doing.做没有用/好处It takes sb.some time to do.做花费某人多长时间It is certain that.是一定的It turns out that.结果是(2)think/consider/believe/find/make/feelitadj./n.to do/doing/that.(3)主语like,enjoy,prefer,love,dislike,hate,appreciate,depend on/rely on,see toitthat
18、/if/when.3含有it的常考短语或句型。(1)It depends.视情况而定。Take it easy.别着急。believe it or not信不信由你make it成功,做到,约定时间take it for granted that.认为是理所当然的as someone puts it像某人所说的那样When it comes to.当涉及/谈到owe it to sb.that.把归功于某人keep it in mind that.把铭记在心(2) Its (high) time that sb.should do/did sth.是某人该做某事的时候了。Its the fir
19、st/second/.time that sb.have/has done sth.是某人第一次 /二次/次做某事。It is/has been.since.自从多久了。It will be/was.before.要过时间才It is/was时间点when.当时候,时间是强调句型:It is/was被强调部分that/who.技法点拨代词与语法填空代词与短文改错1人称、物主、反身代词词类:“成分”是关键(1)如果句中缺主语,则用人称代词的主格;(2)如果句中缺宾语或表语,则用人称代词的宾格;(3)如果句中缺定语,则用形容词性物主代词;(4)如果主语和宾语代表同一个人或物,宾语则用反身代词。1分
20、析句子成分,看句中主语或宾语是否有缺失或者多余。如果缺少主语,则需要添加人称代词主格、指示代词、不定代词或it;如果缺宾语,则可以添加人称代词宾格;如果宾语和主语指同一个人或物,则应用反身代词。2不定代词类:“范围”要搞清(1)二者选其一用either;都不选用neither;都选用both;(2)三者或以上的任何一个用any;都不选用none;都选用all。2检查搭配,看名词前是否需要代词。如果名词前需要代词,则需添加形容词性物主代词。3通读全文,通过上下文的语境检查代词指代是否一致。3it类:“指代”要辨明(1)如果指代上下文同一事物,用it;(2)如果指代天气、时间、距离用it;(3)如
21、果作形式主语或形式宾语用it。4根据句式结构,判断句子是否为it的特殊句式,it作形式主语、形式宾语或在强调句中。一些固定句式中it的用法也要注意。5对不定代词的考查主要集中在其指代范围,这就需要分析上下文意义,看代词是肯定还是否定,是指代两者还是三者或三者以上,从而确定不定代词的使用是否合适。二、介词全国卷考情分析题型分类典题试做命题解读语法填空1(2017年全国卷)After school she plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree in engineer
22、ing or architecture.2(2016年全国卷)Most of us are more focused on our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.1考查常用介词的基本用法;2固定搭配中的介词使用。短文改错1(2017年全国卷)It was a relief and I came to a sudden stop just in the middle onof the road.2(2017年全国卷)When I look at this picture of myself,I realize how fast
23、 time flies.1介词与名词、动词或形容词搭配不当;2介词的多余;3介词的缺失;4习惯搭配中介词的错用。(对应学生用书第209页)常考介词的用法先试做题组.单句语法填空1(2017年北京高考)Many people who live along the coast make a living in fishing industry.2(2017年河北武邑中学一调)Its of great urgency that we need to make the relative laws,with the rapid growth of online shopping.单句改错(2017年皖南
24、八校联考)It was almost at 10:30 pm.,when a family who had attended the same wedding passed by in their car.去掉at 【导学号:31670161】再解读要点1表示时间的介词介词用法at表示时间的点,时刻等。at 6:00 oclock在6点钟;at daybreak在黎明 on表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间或具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上(常有前置定语或后置定语修饰)。on Monday afternoon在周一下午;on a rainy day morning在一个雨天的上午in表示在某段较长的
25、时间内。in the 20th century在 20世纪;in winter在冬季;in September在9月;in the morning在上午since时间点自从以来for时间段 长达during 在期间until/till 直到by 到为止;不迟于in/after时间段 在之后。“in时间段”常与将来时连用;“after时间段”常与过去时连用before 在之前over 在期间;直到结束(北京高考)Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour.Jane很着急,因为去机场的火车半小
26、时后出发。(安徽高考)In Britain,its not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast.在英国,早餐时间开商务会议并不稀奇。易错警示(1)当时间名词前有this,that,last,next,every,each等词修饰时,通常不用任何介词。(2)“on/upon名词或动名词”结构可以表示“一就”。2表示方位的介词介词用法at后常接相对较小的地方。in后常接相对较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内。on表示“在上”(beneath)across表示“从的表面穿过;在对面”through表示“从的内部穿过”。over表示“从的上
27、面跨过”。(under)above指离开物体表面而在其上方,但并不一定是垂直向上。还可指数目、数量、水平、年龄等“超过,多于,大于”。(below)(陕西高考)The dog jumped over some bushes and saw the little scream.狗跳过几丛灌木看到小溪。(上海高考)The sunlight came in through the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.阳光透过天窗,照亮了整个房间。3表示方式的介词表示使用的工具、手段、材料时,with,by,in,on都意为“用”。with多指用
28、具体的工具、身体的某部位或器官;by侧重指使用某种方法、手段或乘坐某种交通工具;in指使用某种语言、笔墨等;on 多用于固定词组中。by train乘火车;on the radio通过收音机;on TV通过电视;with a pencil用铅笔4表示“除之外”的介词(短语)介词用 法besides意为“除之外(还有)”,相当于in addition to。 except意为“除之外(别无)”,可接名词、代词、介词短语和从句。but 意为“除之外”( except)。apart from既可相当于besides或in addition to,也可相当于except for。other than意
29、为“除之外(别无)”。(福建高考)Apart from good service,the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes.除了优质的服务外,这个饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。易错警示(1)but常用于nobody,none,no one,nothing,anything,everyone,all 之后。接不定式时,如果前有实义动词do,则不定式中的to省略。(2)besides还可作副词,意为“另外,而且”,在句中常作插入语。5表示原因的介词(短语)for,because of,due to,thanks to,owing to,on account of,as a result of(浙江高考)The openair celebration has been put off because of the bad weather.因为天气不好,这次户外庆祝会被推迟了。(上海高考)Owing to bad weather,the flight was delayed for a couple of hours.由于天气恶劣,航班延误了好几个小时。易错警示上述短语都可作状语,due to还可作表语。thanks to 表示“多亏,幸亏”,多位于句首。6其他常考的介词介
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