限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别.docx

1、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句提供有关主语或宾语的重要信息，起限定作用，与被修饰部分的关系紧密，如果省略该从句会使主句语义表达不完整。例如：This is the very person thatis wanted by the police.He is the man who /that lives next door.It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.非限制性定语从句只是用来对被修饰部分作补充性的说明，与先行词关系比较松散，先行词与从句间

2、可以用逗号隔开，从句可略去：He will not be able to spend the holiday with his family, whichis a big annoyance to him.The minister, whois to visit our university, is said to be a Qinghua University graduate.The book, whichyour sister bought you in Xinhua Bookstore, is very useful in improving your spoken English.T

3、he businessman, whosesuitcase has been found by a stranger, has left for Beijing.如果定语从句的先行词是专有名词或是带有形容词性物主代词(my, his, etc)或形容词性指示代词(this, that, etc)作限定词的名词词组，其后的定语从句通常为非限制性的。例如：The Thames, which is now clean enough to swim in, was polluted for over a hundred years.My mother, whohas been on a visit t

4、o Australia, will fly back tomorrow.All of these books, whichhave been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the children in Hope School.限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词，代词或名词性词组，而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了是名词及名词性词组外，还可能是句子的一部分或是整个句子。例如：They say he plays truant, whichhe doesnt. which指代plays truantThe meeting was pu

5、t off till next month, aswe hoped. as指前面的句子下面的表格归纳了前面已提到的两者不同之处：表一：限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句1提供确定或限定主句中某个名词的信息。1提供对确定主句中某个名词的非主要附加信息。2由深层嵌入句派生而来。2由两个独立的深层嵌入句派生而来。3无分隔定语从句和主句和停顿或特殊标点符号（逗号/插入语/破折号）。3书面语中用逗号，口语中用特殊的停顿和降低声调来把定语从句和主句分隔开来。4不可以修饰整个命题，只修饰一个名词。4可以修饰一个中心名词，或以评价的形式修饰整个命题。5可使用that和who(

6、m),which等关系代词。5That不能当作关系代词，只可用wh-代词。6不常用来修饰专有名词。6既可修饰普通名词，也可修饰专有名词。7可修饰带有any 或every等类属限定词的中心名词。7不可修饰带有any 或every等类属限定词的中心名词。3.2 定语从句中的关系代词3.2.1 关系代词that, which, who在定语从句中做主语在限制性定语从句中，who或that用于指人，that或which用于指物，它们在定语从句中代替名词性主语或代词性主语，不能省略。例如：He is the man who/thatlives here. 不能说：He is the man who he

7、 lives here.The bag whichthathas been put there for a long time belongs to Wang Hong3.2.2 who(m), which, that在定语从句中作宾语表示人的时候用who(m)或that, 它们在从句中代替名词性宾语或宾格代词，作定语从句宾语的whom/that通常可以省略，在口语中常用who代替 whom。例如：Hes the man whom/ thatI met.There are some people here whoI want you to meet.表示动物和东西的时候应用which/that

8、:The pieces of music (that)he has composed are sung by many pop singers.Taxes consist of money (that) people pay to support their government.Theyre the postcards whichI sent from America.3.2.3 who(m), which或 that作介词的宾语，关系代词可省略。定语从句的介词的位置非常重要，我们可以说：He is the person to whomI wrote. 非常正式用法 (但不可以说：to wh

9、o).或：He is the personwho (m)I wrote to. /He is the person (whom) I wrote to.This is the pan in whichI boiled the milk. 非常正式用法或：This is the panwhichI boiled the milk in. / This is the pan (that/which) I boiled the milk in.3.2.4 whose + 名词关系代词whose是既可用于限制性定语从句，也可用于非限制性定语从句，在从句中作定语，一般用来指人，代替所有格形容词（my,

10、his, your, her, its等），在从句中当定语，没有阴性、阳性或单数、复数的变化；有时也可指物，指物时可以用of which 代替。例如： The professor whosedaughter teaches you Englishis Dr. Williams. The bicycle whosebrake was damagedhas now been repaired. =The bicycle, the brakeof whichwas damaged, has now been repaired.Edison is a great inventor whosefamei

11、s world-wide.3.2.5 that的用法1、that只用于限制性定语从句，既可指人，又可指物，在句中用做主语或宾语。（见3.2.1、3.2.2） 2、当先行词是all，much，little, the one, anything, something, nothing, everything, none等不定代词时，关系代词只用that。例如：There is littlethat can be done about it.Thats allthatI knew about it.Is there anythingthatI can do for you?Have you done

12、 everythingthatis assigned to you?3、先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, much, no, some, very等词修饰时，关系代词只用that。例如：It is the most interesting film thatIve ever read.The best thingthathe could do at present is to leave.This is the first timethathe has been there.She is the only onethathas finished

13、her task on time.At the very beginning, we have just too muchworkthat needs to be done.4、在there be 句型中，只用that, 不用which。例如：There are some people thatId like to introduce to you.There is a very interesting story thatevery child would like to listen to.5、先行词既有人，又有物时，用that。例如：A victim is a person, anima

14、l or thingthatsuffers pain, death, harm, etc.The man and his dog that were napping outside the roomwere photographed by the journalist.6、在“It is + 名词 + 定语从句1 + 定语从句2”的强调结构中，从句2要用 that。例如：It is always the mouth which talks too much that incurs troubles.（言多必失。）It is only a man who is quite experienced

15、 thatcan fulfill this task.3.2.6 which的用法1、which一般只用于指物(a)，有时也用来指性别不明的婴儿(b)。例如：a: The tiles whichfell off the roof caused serious damage.b: The babywhichthe nurse has just brought inis Johns child.2、如果指物的关系代词紧跟在介词后面，只能用which，不能用that。例如：This is the housein whichshe spent her childhood.The agencyfrom

16、whichwe bought our ticketsis bankrupt.3、引导非限制性定语从句时，用来指物替代名词词组。例如：This book, whichhas only been reviewed, was published a year ago.4、替代整个句子或句子的一部分：The meeting has been put off till next Friday,which is good news to them. (指代整个主句)She said that her son would become a scientist, which we thought possib

17、le. (指代that分句)She is very attentive in class, which he rarely is. (指代整个短语)3.2.7 as的用法1、as引导限制性定语从句时，常与such或the same连用，构成the sameas; suchas结构，as用于代替指人或物的先行词。例如：I have never eaten such tasty foods asshe cooked me.Such booksasthere were on the shelf interested us.I have got into the same trouble ashe (

18、has).试比较 the sameas和 the samethat：This is the same bookasI read last week.（这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。）This is the same book thatI read last year. （这就是我上周读的那本书。）如果先行词表示抽象概念，则没有这种区别，例如：She told me the same story as/thatshe had told you.I had the same difficulty that/asyou had last year.在assoas结构中，后面的as也是关系代词，例如：

19、We took as many menascould be permitted to attend the meeting.You can stay here aslongasyou like.Things do not go on assmoothlyaswe hoped.2、引导非限制性定语从句关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句时，用于代替整个主句，意思是“正如”， 相当于 and this或 and that。as从句位置较之which引导的非限制性定语从句更加灵活，因而as从句既可以指前面提到的内容，也可以指后面将要提到的内容，which一般在主句后。例如： Asis mentioned

20、 above, this method aims at improving the students ability in a more effective way.The test is cancelled, asyou have hoped.The test, asyou have hoped, is cancelled.A semiconductor material, asthe name indicates, has poorer conductivity than a conductor.注：as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中做主语时表达的意思应与主句一致，而且从句中的谓语必须是系动

21、词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.例如：He failed to pass the exam again, as is predicted.He failed to pass the exam again, whichannoyed his mother greatly.记住以下的as结构：as is known to all (众所周知)，as is often the case (情况常常如此)，as the name Indicatessuggests (顾名思义)，as may be imagined (可以想象得出)，as often happens (这种情况常

22、常发生)，as has been said before (如前所述)，as has been pointed out (正如已经指出的)，as will be shown in ( 将在中指出)，as is hoped ( 正如所希望的)3.2.8 but的用法but用作关系代词相当于whonot，whichnot，thatnot。but既可指人，也可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语或宾语。but本身含“否定”的意思，它前面的主句通常有“否定”的词, 如：(no，not， little，few，hardly等). but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。例如：There

23、 is no motherbutloves her own children. (=There is no mother thatwho does not love her own children.)主语There is scarcely a good moviebut he has seen. (=that he has not seen). 宾语There is never a friendbut he remembers the birthday of. 介词宾语Who is there butcommits errors？but间或也可用在疑问句后There is no man bu

24、terrs. =There is no man who does not err. 主语What he saw in those places butwas not miserable（but=which was not）(他所到之处，看到的均是凄惨不已的景象。)主语There are very few butadmire his talents.（很少有人不赞赏他的才干的。But=who dont）主语but结构有时可省略。例如：(There is)No rule buthas exceptions. (There are）Few books buthave a misprint or tw

25、o.3.2.9 than的用法关系代词than一般用于含有比较级的句子中，兼有连词和代词的性质。例如：You spent more moneythanwas intended to be spent. She has done much moreworkthanwas required of her.The question is more complicatedthanappears on the surface.3.3 介词 + 关系代词“介词 + 关系代词”引导的定语从句既可以是限制性定语从句，又可以是非限制性定语从句，“介词+关系代词”在从句中做主语、宾语、状语、定语等，介词的选择则要

26、根据它与其先行词的关系或前后名词、动词等的搭配关系来决定，同时还应该考虑句子在上下文中要表达的意思。3.3.1“介词 + whichwhomwhose”这时应注意介词与句中短语的搭配。例如：The problemwith whichI have trouble has now been solved.Oil, of whichthere are several different types, is used for many purposes by countries all over the world.The man, because of whosehelp the murderer

27、was caught by the police, is coming to our school tomorrow.介词放在关系代词之前的形式的定语从句较之将介词至于从句之末的定语从句正式，因此多用于书面语当中，但在口语中有时也会出现；或者将介词后置，或在介词后置后用 that（人、物）who（人）代替 whichwhom，并且that可省略。例如；Can you lend me a pen or pencilwith whichI can write?Can you lend me a pen or pencilthat/ whichI can writewith?Can you lend

28、 me a pen or pencil (that) I can writewith?Who is the manto whomyou were talking?Who is the manwhom/that/whoyou were talking to?Who is the man (that) you were talkingto?如果介词过长，则不适于后置，例如：Sound is a tool, by means of whichpeople communicate with each other.We may be caught by a fire, in case of whichw

29、e must find ways to escape.3.3.2“名词 + 介词 + whichwhom”引导的定语从句He referred to a personthe name of whomslipped by memory at that moment.We had a discussionthe purpose of whichwas to find a solution to this problem.在非限定性定语从句中，of whichwhom可用来修饰不定代词 all, each, one, many, much, more, most, any, some, a few,

30、 a little, none, both, several, the latter, the former等。练习时，应该判断填空的部分为主句的定语从句还是与主句并列的成分。例如：We have interviewed more than 50 students, only a few of whomgave satisfactory answers to our questions. 定语从句We have interviewed more than 50 students, butonly a few of them gave satisfactory answers to our qu

31、estions. 并列Many people came to her graduation party, most ofwhomwere her former classmates. 定语从句Many people came to her graduation party, and most of them were her former classmates. 并列There are 32 students in our class, up to 20 of whomare from the south. 定语从句3.3.4 “介词 + which + 名词”引导的定语从句which是一个代表所有关系的关系代词，可用来代表一个名词代词或句子的一部分，但更多地是来代表整个句子。其中的名词通常是一个抽象名词，如case, fact, state, time, point等。例如：Water boils at l00, at whichtemperature it changes into gas.He was about to leave, at which moment I came back home.Wei Hua spent four years in the United States, during which perio