科技英语与英语科技论文写作三.ppt

1、研究生科技英语课程研究生科技英语课程科技英语写作科技英语写作邵宗平邵宗平南京工业大学化学化工学院教育部材料化学工程重点实验室1实验过程描述实验过程描述 How to write the Experimental(or“Experimental section”?2实验过程描述实验过程描述nMainpurpose:todescribetheexperimentaldesignandthenprovideenoughdetailsothatacompetentworkercanrepeattheexperiments.nGivethefulldetails.Carefulwritingofthis

2、sectioniscriticallyimportantbecausethecornerstoneofthescientificmethodrequires thatyourresultsmustbereproducible.nMostofthissectionshouldbewritteninthepasttense.3实验过程描述实验过程描述nMany(probablymost)readersofyourpaperwillskipthissection.nHowever,Whenyourpaperissubjectedtopeerreview,agoodreviewerwillreadth

3、eExperimentalExperimental carefully.Ifthereisseriousdoubtthatyourexperimentscouldberepeated,thereviewerwillrecommendrejectionofyourmanuscriptnomatterhowexcitedyourresults.Example:Commentsofreview,Manuscript，Revisedandresubmitted.4实验过程描述实验过程描述http:/ 1、Exception 2nWhenpossible,constructsubheadingsthat

4、matchthosetobeusedinResults,sothatthereaderwillbeabletograspquicklytherelationshipofaparticularmethodologytotherelatedResults.Example 1 Example 2.6实验过程描述实验过程描述MethodsnMethodsaresimilartocookbookrecipes.Ifareactionmixturewasheated,givethetemperature;Uponasolution,givethecomposition.nUsualorderfordesc

5、riptionoftheactivity:chronological.Example 1 Example 2.nIfyourmethodisnew(unpublished),youmustprovideall oftheneededdetail.nifamethodhasbeenpreviouslypublishedinastandardjournal,youmayjustgivethereference.However,youmayre-describeitbriefly.n设计实验时要注意可描述性、可操作性、易重复性。设计实验时要注意可描述性、可操作性、易重复性。7结果与讨论结果与讨论 H

6、ow to write the Results&Discussion?透过现象看本质ResultsResultsDiscussionDiscussion8结果与讨论结果与讨论 How to write the Results&Discussion?一、结果与讨论分开写二、结果与讨论合在一起写9结果与讨论结果与讨论一、结果与讨论分开写Example 1Example 2Example 310结果与讨论结果与讨论一、结果与讨论分开写结果部分的写法11实验结果描述实验结果描述nYoushouldpresentrepresentativedataratherthanendlesslyrepetitiv

7、edata.nToHandleNumbers:Ifoneoronlyafewdataaretobepresented,theyshouldbetreateddescriptivelyinthetext.Moredatashouldbegivenintablesorgraphs.nThewholepapermuststandonthebasisoftheResults.Thus,theResultsmustbepresentedasclearaspossible.12实验结果描述实验结果描述http:/ 1Example 2Example 316讨论部分讨论部分nThe primary purp

8、ose of the Discussion is to show therelationshipsamongobservedfacts.nStory 1After training the flea for many months,thebiologist was able to get a response to certaincommands.The most gratifying令人满意的 of theexperimentswastheoneinwhichtheprofessorwouldshoutthecommand“Jump,”andthefleawouldleapintotheai

9、reachtimethecommandwasgiven.Theprofessorwasabouttosubmitthisremarkablefeat技艺toposterity后世viaascientificjournal,butheinthemannerofthetruescientistdecidedtotakehisexperimentsonestepfurther.17讨论部分讨论部分He planned to determine the location of thereceptor organ involved.In one experiment,heremovedthelegsof

10、theflea,oneatatime.Thefleaobligingly亲切地continuedtojumpuponcommand,but as each successive leg was removed,its jumpsbecamelessspectacular壮观.Finally,with the removal of its last leg,the flearemained motionless.Time after time the commandfailedtogettheusualresponse.18讨论部分讨论部分Theprofessordecidedthatatlas

11、thecouldpublishhis findings.He set pen to paper and described inmeticulous小心翼翼的detailtheexperimentsexecutedover the preceding months.His conclusion was oneintendedtostartle震惊thescientificworld:When the legs of a flea are removed,the flea can no longer hear.19讨论部分讨论部分nTheDiscussion is usually the har

12、dest section towrite.nMany papers are rejected by journal editorsbecause of a faultyDiscussion,even though thedata of the paper might be both valid andinteresting.nEven more likely,the true meaning of the datamaybecompletelyobscuredbytheinterpretationpresented in theDiscussion,again resulting inreje

13、ction.20讨论部分讨论部分What are the essential features of a good Discussion?n1.Trytopresenttheprinciples,relationships,andgeneralizations归纳shownbytheResults.n2.Pointoutanyexceptionsoranylackofcorrelation;Defineunsettledpoints;Nevertrytocoveruporfudge回避thedatathatdonotquitefit.n3.Showhowyourresultsandinterp

14、retationsagree(orcontrast)withpreviouslypublishedwork.n4.Dontbeshy;discussthetheoreticalimplicationsofyourwork,aswellasanypossiblepracticalapplications.n5.Stateyourconclusionsasclearlyaspossible.21讨论部分讨论部分n“Finally,goodwriting,likegoodmusic,hasaclimax高潮.Manyapaperlosesmuchofitseffectbecauseitends“No

15、twithabang巨响butawhimper呜咽.nDonotextrapolate外推toabiggerpicturethanthatshownbyyourdata.22讨论部分讨论部分n讨论的内容主要有：讨论的内容主要有：http:/ attributed to,be assigned to be elucidated,be interpreted等表示推测等表示推测或推断；或推断；n选用选用“can”,“could”,“will”,“would”,“should”,“must”,“may”,“might”,“obviously”,“probably”,“possibly”,“perha

16、ps”,“seem”,“likely”,“most likely”,“approximately”,“certainly”,“roughly”,等来表示论点的确定性程度。等来表示论点的确定性程度。n“agree”,“consistent with”,“coincide with”表示与表示与相一致。相一致。讨论部分讨论部分30结果与讨论结果与讨论二、结果与讨论合并合并Results and Discussion31结果与讨论合并结果与讨论合并n一般认为，合并写要比分开写更容易。合在一起写的一般认为，合并写要比分开写更容易。合在一起写的优点是文章更紧凑。每叙述一个实验结果，就可以对优点是文章更紧凑。每叙述一个实验结果，就可以对此加以讨论，这样读者会有一气呵成的感觉。此加以讨论，这样读者会有一气呵成的感觉。n叙述第二个实验结果时，要叙述第二个实验结果时，要及时及时分析它和第一个实验分析它和第一个实验结果有无相互支持和矛盾之处。结果有无相互支持和矛盾之处。n叙述第三个实验结果时，要叙述第三个实验结果时，要及时及时分析它和第一、二个分析它和第一、二个实验结果有无相互支持和矛盾之处。后面依次类推