初中英语定语从句小结.docx

1、初中英语定语从句小结初中英语定语从句小结一 名词性从句: 1. 主要包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句. 一般由that 引起,也可由who, what, when, why, which, whom, whether, how 引起. 2. 主语从句很多情况下都可以放到句子后面,而用代词it作形式上的主语. : 3. 形式宾语 4. 由名词性关系代词whatever, whoever, whichever 等引起的宾语从句 5. whether and if 都能引导从句, 但用法有所不同. 当主语从句直接位于句首时,应用whether,而不用if. Whether 后能直接or

2、not, 但if 不能. Whether he will come or not is not known. 6. 在名词reason后的表语从句必须用that引导, 不可误用 because. The reason why he is often late for class is that he has the bad habit of getting up late in the morning. 二: 定语从句 1. 引导定语从句的关系词有who, whom, whose, that, when, where, why and which. 在非限制定语从句中, 只可用which, w

3、ho, whose, where , when., 如果指代前面整个句子, 多用which. 2. 当引导定语从句的先行词前有all, any, no, little, much, very first 等词, 或先行词前为形容词最高级所修饰时,或先行词为all, anything, nothing, something, everything 时,从句的引导词只能用that. 3. as 可做引导词引导定语从句, 多和such, the same 连用. As 引导的定语从句也可修饰整个句子, 既可放在先行词后,也可放在句子开头. 4. 介词+which/whom/whose从句 5. 代/

4、名+介词+which 从句 6. 同位语从句和定语从句 三 状语从句: 修饰主句中的动词, 形容词和副词, 通常有从属连词引导, 按其意义和作用可分为时间, 地点, 条件, 原因, 让步, 目的, 结果, 方式, 比较.等 1. 时间状语从句: 1) 常见连词有 after, as, before, once, since, till, (not)until, when, whenever(no matter when), while, as long as, as soon as etc. 2) no soonerthan, hardly(scarcely, barely)when: 刚做就

5、. 3) 还有 immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the minute, the instant, the second, every time etc 2. 地点状语从句: 一般用where or wherever 引导 3. 条件状语从句:真实条件从句:if, unless, so long as, provided that, supposing that, on condition that, in the event that, in case that etc 4. 原因状语从句: 从属连词有because, as ,sin

6、ce, for, now, that, in that, seeing that, considering that(鉴于,由于) 5. 让步状语从句: 1): even if, though, even though, while(尽管) no matter what/how/which, however, whatever, whichever, however etc. 2) 由as 引起的让步从句, 语气较强烈,被强调的词须放在句首. 3) whetheror,不管或 6. 结果状语从句: so that, sothat, suchthat 7. 目的状语从句: so that, in

7、 order that, for fear that, lest, in case 8. 方式状语从句: as, just as, as if: 如同一样 9. 比较状语从句: 1) asas, not so/asas 2) 比较级+than, so much/a lot more than 3) no morethan, not morethan, lessthan 初中英语定语从句用法及配套练习初中英语定语从句用法及配套练习| 在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副

8、词，常见的关系代词包括that， which， who（宾格whom，所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where， when， why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。三、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。四、关系代词的用法1. that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：Mary lik

9、es music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。（that作主语）The coat （that） I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。（that作宾语）2.which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。（作主语）The film （which） we saw last night was wonderful. 我

10、们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。（作宾语）3.who， whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom， 也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。（作主语）Who is the teacher （whom） Li Ming is talking to？ 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？（作宾语）注意：（1）当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who， that， which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+whi

11、ch/whom”结构。例如：This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。（2）含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人。（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：The city that she li

12、ves in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。（4）关系词只能用that的情况：a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。b.被修饰的先行词为all， any， much， many， everything， anything， none， the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：Is there anything that you want to b

13、uy in the shop？ 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？c.先行词被the only， the very， the same， the last， little， few 等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that， 而不用which.例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。e.以who或

14、which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？ 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？f.主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which.例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。（5）关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：a.先行词为that， those时，用which， 而不用that.例如：Whats that which is under the desk？ 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？b.关系代词

15、前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that.例如：This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句，用which， 而不用that.例如：Tom came back， which made us happy. 汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。五、关系副词的用法（1）when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。（2）where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：This is place where he works.这

16、是他工作的地点。（3）why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。单项填空。1. -Do you know the man _is talking with your father？-Yes， hes our headmaster.A. he B. who C. which D. whom2. Is this the river _I can swim？A. which B. in which C. that D. the one3. This

17、 is the best hotel in the city _I know.A. where B. which C. that D. it4. Can you lend me the dictionary _the other day？A. that you bought B. you bought itC. that you bought it D. which you bought it5. Anyone _with what I said may put up you hands.A. which agrees B. who agreeC. who agrees D. which ag

18、ree6. My watch is not the only thing _ is missing.A. that B. it C. which who7. The man _coat is black is waiting at the gateA. whos B. whose C. that of which.8. The girl _ is reading under the tree _my sister.A. which； is B. whom； was C. who； is D. who； was9. I love places _the people are really fri

19、endly.A. that B. which C. where D. who10. The world _ is made up of matter.A. in that we live B. on which we liveC. where we live in D. we live in. 用适当的关系代词that， which， who， whom填空。1. The first thing _you must do is to have a meal.2. April 1st is the day _is called April Fools Day in the west.3. The

20、 family _had lost everything in a big fire got much help from their friends.4. The house _we live in is very old.5. Didnt you see the man _I talked with just now？参考答案：I. 1-5BBCAC 6-10 ABCCD. 1. that 2. which / that 3. who / that 4. that / which 5. who/ whom/ that初中英语定语从句重难点讲析 一、如何正确使用连接主从句的引导词 一个定语从

21、句的引导词是用关系代词还是关系副词,这是同学们首先遇到的一个难题,由于把握不准,所以出错较多。请看以下例子:1. A. That is the school _ we studied three years ago. B. That is the school _ we built three years ago. 2. A. Ive forgotten the exact day _ he gave me the film copy. B. Ive forgotten the exact day _ he fixed for me to have the operation.3. A. Be

22、ijing is a city _ there is the famous Summer Palace. B. Beijing is Chinas political and cultural center, _ has the most universities. 这三组句子中的 A、B 句看上去很相近,因此,同学们在判断空格线上所使用的引导词时很容易出错。我们来作一解析:上述各组A句中先行词所表示的是从句中谓语动词动作发生的地点或时间,如 1A 句空格中指的是 in the school, 2A 句空格中指的是 on the day, 3A 句空格中指的是 in the city, 因此,

23、 引导词指的是状语, 从句谓语动词与先行词之间是一种“谓状”关系,要分别用 where, when, where; 而上面各组B句中的先行词表示的是定语从句的宾语或主语,如 1B 句中的 built the school, 2B 句中的 fixed the day, 3B 句中的 the place has, 从句谓语动词与先行词之间是一种“动宾”或“主谓”关系, 因此, 引导词要用关系代词 that 或 which (3B 句是一个非限制性定语从句,只能用 which)。 通过解析我们可知: 判断是用关系代词还是关系副词要看先行词在从句中的指代。如果是谓语与状语的关系, 就用关系副词, 如果

24、是主谓或是动宾关系就用关系代词。 二、弄清几个问题1. 区别清“It + be”引导的强调句与带有定语从句的复合句。请看下列两组句子:A. It was September 11, 2001 _ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.B. It was on September 11, 2001 _ the World Trade Center in New York was attacked.A. It was Wuhan _ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her.B. It

25、 was in Wuhan _ Jill met the three-year-old girl and adopted her. 以上两组 A、B 句除了分别相差介词 on 和 in 之外,其余部分完全相同。但一词之差句式不同,横线上的词也不同。那么究竟哪个是强调句, 哪个是含定语从句的复合句呢?有一个简单的判定方法: 去掉 It was 和连接词(横线部分)。如果剩余部分仍是一个完整的句子,则是强调句; 否则, 那个空格中所用的引导词及其引导的部分就是定语从句。根据这个原则我们就很容易判断出两组的 A 句是含定语从句的复合句, 横线部分分别用关系副词 when 和 where。而B句则是强

26、调句,横线部分应是that。2. 定冠词的有无有时定冠词在句中有决定性的作用。有无定冠词影响着定语从句的结构。如:(1) This is one of the books that_ (sell) well in the bookstore.(2) This is the one of the books that _ (sell) well in the bookstore.sell 取单数还是复数?分析: 在(1)中, that 引导的定语从句修饰的是 the books, 而(2)中 one 前有了一个 the, 句子重心前移,这时从句修饰的是 the one。因此(1)应用 sell,

27、 (2)应用 sells。再看:(1) Is this the boy _ you want to talk to?(2) Is this boy _ you want to talk to?在这两个句子中,(1) the boy 是先行词, 它在主句中是表语, 定语从句修饰的是主句的表语, 因此空格处应用 whom, that(甚至 who 也可以); 但(2)则不同, 从结构上看, 这个主句不全, this boy 是主语, is 是系动词, 没有表语(先行词), 所以首先要补上先行词(名词或代词), 写成 Is this boy the boy _ you want to talk to

28、? 这里 boy 重复, 用 one 代替, 然后再在空白处加上关系代词 whom(who), 或 that, 即是 Is this boy the one whom (that) you want to talk to?3. 注意标点符号的形式有时我们会见到这样的句子:(1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table, _ read: Ive left for Harbin.(1) Entering the room, I found a note on the table. _ read: Ive left for Harbin.一个标点

29、符号决定一个句子的结构。在(1)中,横线前是一个逗号,说明逗号前后是一个句子的两个部分。根据句意可知逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句,因此横线部分用which。(2)中前后两句之间用了句号,说明前后是两个独立的句子,因此,空格处应填入能作主语,代替a note的代词。因为指物,故用It。超越语法: 定语从句典型错误剖析定语从句是中学英语中的一个重要语法项目,学生们在学习和使用中出现了这样或那样的错误。现将其中的一些典型错误句例总结如下,供大家引以为鉴。1. Is this the pen your father bought it for you?答案:去掉it。解析:定语从句中的关系词在从句中充

30、当一定的成分。因此从句中不能再出现与关系词作用相同的代词或名词,以避免重复。误句中省略的关系代词(which/that)作bought的宾语,故it是多余的。2. Have you been to the company where she works there?答案:去掉there。解析:关系副词已作了working的地点状语。3. I shall never forget the days when I spent with you.答案:将when改为which/that。解析:先行词在定语从句中作spent的宾语,故用which/that,而when在从句中只作时间状语。4. Is this all what you want to say?答案:将what改为that。解析:先行词为指物的不定代词时,其后的定语从句用that来引导,作宾语时也可省略。而what不能引导定语从句。5. He lived in a house, in front of it he planted some beautiful flowers.答案:将it改为which。解析:这是一个含有非限制性定语从句的复合句, which在从句中作介词宾语。6. Mother came back on December 21 when was my birthday.答案