长篇阅读.docx

1、长篇阅读 第二篇 第二部分 阅读 三、长篇阅读 四级阅读排除法一： 排除与原文相关句态度相反的选项态度相反原则，即选项所述主题与原文正好相反或态度不一致，可立即排除。2010年6月的四级考试阅读理解题目中，有一道题困扰了很多考生-Passage 2 Q64： What does the author mean by youre just underlining his faults (Line 4, Para. 3)?原文相关句：If you tell your dim friend that he has the potential of an Einstein, youre just un

2、derlining his faults.题目选项： A) You are not taking his mistakes seriously enough.B) You are pointing out the errors he has committed.C) You are emphasizing the fact that his is not intelligent.D) You are trying to make him feel better about his faults.这道题目很多同学会因为faults一词而误选了选项D)。我们严格应用排除法来做题目，则可避免这一错误

3、。原文相关句主题 underline ones faults，意为强调某人的错误，先来关注各选项动词：A) not take seriously没有严肃认真的对待，与原文相反，排除;B)point out指出错误，保留;C) emphasize强调，保留;D) try to make sb. feel better让某人感觉更好，与强调错误这一主题相反，排除。在此基础上，再应用主题相关原则做排除，B)选项提及指出某人所犯的错误(errors)，C)选项说强调他不聪明(not intelligent)，原文表述he has the potential of an Einstein(有爱因斯坦先生

4、的潜质)，没有提到犯错误，因此正确答案为C)。四级阅读排除法二：排除与原文相关句主题不一致的选项主题一致性，是排除法的第一要义。很多题目，仅仅通过主题不一致原则就可以排除得出正确答案。句子主题，通常体现在名词或动词上。因此审题和排除选项时，首先要关注句子中的核心名词和动词，找寻题目与选项的一致性。例如上文提及的2011年12月Passage2 Q63：What does the author mean by saying money is known to bring a relationship to its knees (Line 1 Para.2)?原文相关句：Since money i

5、s known to be one of the things most likely to bring a relationship to its knees, we should be grateful.题目选项： A) Money is considered to be the root of all evils.B) Some people sacrifice their dignity for money.C) Few people can resist the temptation of money.D) Disputes over money may ruin a relatio

6、nship.原文相关句主题为money和relationship之间的关系。据此来考察各个选项：A) 提到money和evil(邪恶)之间的关系，主题不一致，排除。B) 提到人们的尊严(dignity)的问题，主题不一致，排除。C) 提到抵挡(resist)钱的诱惑(temptation)，主题不一致，排除。只有D) 选项提到了money和relationship的关系，保留为正确答案。难度稍大些的题目，可以多次叠加应用主题相关原则做排除。如2011年12月Passage2 Q65：What does Kim Stephenson believe?本题目利用Kim Stephenson回原文找

7、寻相关句，为第三段落首句：Kim Stephenson, an occupational psychologist, believes money is such a big deal because of what it symbolizes, which may be different things to men and women. 原文相关句可提取出如下主题：a big deal, symbolize, different things to men and women。题目选项： A) Money is often a symbol of a persons status.B) M

8、oney means a great deal to both men and women.C) Men and women spend money on different things.D) Men and women view money in different ways.通读选项发现，A)含有symbol，B)提到a great deal，C)和D)都提及了different things/ways。因此，必须利用选项中其他主题词做第二轮排除：A)选项提到persons status(社会地位)，原文原句并未提及任何个人背景问题，排除;B)选项both men and women与原

9、文所述different things to men and women不同，排除;C)提及spend money，原文未提到，排除。因此，最终答案为D)。D)选项中view money in different ways含义为用不同的方式看待钱，原文句义为钱对于男人和女人所代表的(symbolize)的东西是不同的。可见，两句虽转换了描述方式，但基本含义是相同的。四级阅读排除法三：排除用语过于极端或负面的选项四级阅读文章来源多为学术性的报纸期刊，其语言的一大特征是客观性和严谨性，因此鲜少出现极端或过于负面信息的表达。如果题目选项中出现明显的极端选项，可以直接排除。例如上文提到的2011年12

10、月Passage2 Q63中的A)、C)两个选项也可以利用极端原则直接排除：A)选项Money is considered to be the root of all evils.(钱是万恶之源)，C)选项Few people can resist the temptation of money.(没人能抵挡得住钱的诱惑)，都是过于极端和负面的信息。再如2012年6月四级考试Passage 1 Q61：What can be inferred from the last paragraph? 本文依然讨论的是经济衰退给家庭关系带来的问题。题目选项为： A) The economic recov

11、ery will see a higher divorce rate.B) Few couple can stand the test of economic hardships.C) A stable family is the best protection against poverty.D) Money is the foundation of many a happy marriage.精读选项发现，B) 几乎没有那个家庭可以经历经济困难的考验，过于极端和负面，排除;D) 钱才是很多幸福婚姻的基石，过于负面，与积极阳光的普世价值相左，排除;C) 稳定的家庭是抵御贫困的最好的保护，虽然

12、该选项是正面信息，但是best一词的判断力度未免太过强烈。因此，初步分析，选项A) 似乎更加靠谱。而回归原文验证后发现，文章末段结尾句恰恰表达了选项A) 对应的含义：So its only when the economy is healthy again that well begin to see just how many broken families have been created. 只有当经济复苏之后，我们才能够看出到底有多少家庭破裂了。选项A) 意为经济的复苏将见证离婚率的上升。二者为简单的同义改写。四级阅读排除法四：注意结合文章主旨和主题做排除在解答个别较困难的题目时，除了

13、应用以上排除原则外，还可以结合全文主旨和主题来排除选项作答，有时可大大简化做题的难度。例如2011年6月四级考试Passage1 Q60：What does Alec Webley consider to be the definition of integration?原文相关句：One of the great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly, said Undergraduate Assembly chairman A

14、lec Webley. This is the definition of integration.题目选项： A) Students of different races are required to share room.B) Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.C) Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.D) The school randomly assigns roommates without reg

15、ard to race.首先，C)选项without exception与原文相关句表述with some exceptions正好相反，排除。在剩余三个选项中做判断时，可以参考全文主题。主题句通常在文章开头：Several recent studies have found that being randomly (随机地) assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also, to a greater likelihood (可能性) of conflict. 从开头句可看出，全文讨

16、论的主题是随机给不同种族的同学安排宿舍的问题。再结合原文相关句中the process throws you together randomly，对于随机一词的重复印证，可以做出排除，选择答案D)。而其他两选项也可通过主题相关原则做排除：A)选项的be required(被要求共用宿舍)，原句未提及;B)选项arranged by the school(由学校安排)，原文也未明确提出安排宿舍的主体。例题：There are people in Italy who cant stand soccer. Not all Canadians love hockey. A similar situat

17、ion exists in America, where there are those individuals you may be one of them who yawn or even frown when somebody mentions baseball. Baseball to them means boring hours watching grown men in funny tight outfits standing around in a field staring away while very little of anything happens. They te

18、ll you its a game better suited to the 19th century, slow, quiet, gentlemanly. These are the same people you may be one of them who love football because theres the sport that glorifies “the hit”.By contrast, baseball seems abstract, cool, silent, still.On TV the game is fractured into a dozen persp

19、ectives, replays, close?ups. The geometry of the game, however, is essential to understanding it. You will contemplate the game from one point as a painter does his subject; you may, of course, project yourself into the game. It is in this projection that the game affords so much space and time for

20、involvement. The TV wont do it for you. Take, for example, the third baseman. You sit behind the third base dugout and you watch him watching home plate. His legs are apart, knees flexed. His arms hang loose. He does a lot of this. The skeptic still cannot think of any other sports so still, so pass

21、ive. But watch what happens every time the pitcher throws: the third baseman goes up on his toes, flexes his arms or bring the glove to a point in front of him, takes a step right or left, backward or forward, perhaps he glances across the field to check his first basemans position. Suppose the pitc

22、h is a ball. “Nothing happened,” you say. “I could have had my eyes closed.”The skeptic and the innocent must play the game. And this involvement in the stands is no more intellectual than listening to music is. Watch the third baseman. Smooth the dirt in front of you with one foot; smooth the pocke

23、t in your glove; watch the eyes of the batter, the speed of the bat, the sound of horsehide on wood. If football is a symphony of movement and theatre, baseball is chamber music, a spacious interlocking of notes, chores and responses.1. The passage is mainly concerned with _。A. the different tastes

24、of people for sports B. the different characteristics of sports C. the attraction of football D. the attraction of baseball2. Those who dont like baseball may complain that _。A. it is only to the taste of the old B. it involves fewer players than football C. it is not exciting enough D. it is preten

25、tious and looks funny3. The author admits that _。A. baseball is too peaceful for the young B. baseball may seem boring when watched on TV C. football is more attracting than baseball D. baseball is more interesting than football4. By stating “I could have had my eyes closed. ” the author means (4th

26、paragraph last sentence)：A. The third baseman would rather sleep than play the game。B. Even if the third baseman closed his eyes a moment ago, it could make no different to the result。C. The third baseman is so good at baseball that he could finish the game with eyes closed all the time and do his w

27、ork well。D. The consequent was too bad he could not bear to see it。5. We can safely conclude that the author _。A. likes football B. hates football C. hates baseball D. likes baseball答案与详解【短文大意】本文主要讲述垒球的特征及欣赏。1. D 主旨题。文章第一段简述了人们对垒球所持的偏见认为它毫无活力、从容和缓，不像橄榄球那样(禁止)迭起、令人激动。文章的第二、三、四、五段探讨了垒球的根本特征及欣赏角度，文章的最后

28、一句话用一个比喻概括了垒球的魅力：“如果橄榄球是一曲交响乐的话，那么，垒球中所表现出来的运动恰似一曲优美的室内乐。”可见，本文主要探讨的是垒球的特点及其欣赏。 A不对，第一段也确实提到了不同观众对不同运动形式的偏好，但这只是用以引出对垒球的特征及欣赏的讨论。2. C 细节题。文章第一段指出：许多人不喜欢垒球，一提起垒球这些人就打哈欠甚至皱眉头。对他们来说，看垒球意味着眼巴巴地观望着身着运动装(outfit)的人呆立在球场上，东瞧瞧西望望，很少有什么(激动人心的)事发生没意思透了。他们认为这样的运动更适合上个世纪的人的口味，不像橄榄球那样充满活力。 A意为：“它只适合老年人的口味。”注意：原文说

29、的是适合上个世纪的人的口味，二者意味不一样。 D意为：“它矫揉造作、滑稽可笑。”这与说它gentlemanly(具有绅士风度，矜持，即：没有冲撞或拼抢)不一样。3. B 推断题。第三段指出，在电视上，垒球运动被切换成不同角度的画面，而且不断地使用重放、特写等电视制作技术，这破坏了该运动的整体运动感，使观众无法将自己投入(project)到运动中去，以体会到这种寓动于静的运动之美。电视做不到这一点(The TV wont do it for you)，因此，电视上的垒球比赛看上去(seems)孤孤单单、冷冷清清、沉沉静静、慢慢腾腾。C、D不对，作者仅指出了不同运动有不同运动的特征，并未说哪种运动

30、优于哪种。参阅文章最后一句。4. B 推断题。第四段整个都在描述垒球场上的一个场景：拿三垒的运动员假设对方全投出好球，作好了一切准备，但是对方投出的并不是好球。所以在那时候他的准备做不做都不会影响比赛结果。他说本来可以闭上眼睛，意思就是B项所写的。A、C、D都不符合作者的意图。这道题需要完整地了解第四段内容才能作好选择。5. D 推断题。在本文中，作者主要探讨了垒球的特征及欣赏，作者着重指出的是：只有根据垒球的特征来欣赏它，才能体会到它的魅力。在他看来，观察到垒球比赛中运动员的各种动作、垒球位之间的关系等是欣赏它的关键(第三段第二句)。只有从整体来把握它，才能看到每一个小的动作、每一个眼神乃至

31、于“静止”的意义，也只有这样，才能全身心地投入比赛中，欣赏到它的魅力。可见，作者对垒球有很深的理解而且非常喜爱垒球。主要参考第三、四、五段。词汇与短语1. dugout n.棒球场边供球员休息的地方2. pitcher n.投手3. symphony n.交响乐4. chamber n.室内5. contemplate vt。沉思，注视长难句解析【解析】此句的主干是“Baseballmeanswatching”，其中“in funny tight outfits”用来修饰“grown men”，“standing”和“staring”用来做“grown men”的定语。 【译文】对于他们来说，棒球就是在无聊的几个小时中几个身着紧身衣的大人伫立在场地周围没事可做地东张西望。【解析】这是一个复合句，“goes up”，“flexes”“takes”，“glances”做“the third baseman”的并列谓语。 【译文】但每当投球手掷出球的那一瞬间，你再看吧，三垒运动员脚尖点地，屈臂或把接球手套直指前方，左右移动步伐，或前或后，或许他还要越过场地盯着一垒球手的动作。重点英语单词 essential isenl n. 要素，要点adj. 必要的，重要pitcher pit n. 水罐，棒球投手，植瓶状叶check tek n. 检查，支票，账单，制止，阻止物，检验标准