英语复习武汉大学研究生.docx

1、英语复习武汉大学研究生 第一课： 1. 所有的人都会生儿育女，组成家庭或社会，发展一种语言以及适应他们周围环境的这种倾向特别具有欺骗性，因为它带来了一种期望，这种期望就是这些行为的形式以及围绕这些行动的态度与价值观念将是相似的。(段二倒6排) The tendency for all people to reproduce, group into families or societies, develop a language ,and adapt to their environment is particularly deceiving because it leads to the e

2、xpectation that the forms of these behaviors and the attitudes and values surrounding them will also be similar. 2. 力求证明达尔文关于面部表情是共同的这一理论的跨文化研究给人极大的希望，研究者发现脸部的某些看得见的表情，即因愤怒、恐惧、惊讶、悲伤、厌恶、幸福而紧缩的肌肉组合，我们人类成员都是一样的。但是这似乎无济于事，只要我们意识到一个人生长的文化决定了这种情感是否会表露或压抑,决定了在何种场合和多大的程度上会表露或压抑。(段三正1句) Promising are the cro

3、ss-cultural studies seeking to support Darwins theory that facial expressions are universal and researchers found that the particular visible pattern on the face, the combination of muscles contracted for anger, fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, happiness is the same for all members of our species,

4、but this seems helpful until it is realized that a persons cultural upbringing determines whether or not that emotion will be displayed or suppressed, as well as on which occasions and to what degree. 3. 由于似乎没有普遍的人性可以作为自动理解的基础，所以我们必须把每交往当作个别案例来处理，寻求任何共同的认知和交流方法并以此作为出发点。(段四正1) Since there seems to be

5、 no universals of “human nature” that can be used as a basis for automatic understanding, we must treat each encounter as an individual case, searching for whatever perceptions and communication means are held in common and proceed from there. 4. 来自具有明显的区别的文化的代表们见面时，他们都身着西装，讲英语，使用相同的招呼礼仪，这种表面上的相同有很大

6、的迷惑性。(段五倒3) A look-alike facade id deceiving when representatives from contrasting cultures meet, each wearing western dress, speaking English, and using similar greeting rituals. 5. 相信相似性的神话比设想存在差异更让人觉得舒服，因为后者要求试探性的设想和行为并且乐意接受由于“不知”而产生的焦虑。(段六正109年) The confidence that goes with the myth of similari

7、ty is much more comfortable than the assumption of differences, the latter requiring tentative assumptions and behaviors and a willingness to accept the anxiety of “not knowing”. 6. 然而，只有设想存在着差异时，才可能会去调整反应和解释，以适合“眼前发生的事情”。否则，很可能错误地解读符号和以自我民族为中心去判断眼前的情形。(段六正2) Only with the assumption of differences

8、, however, can reactions and interpretations be adjusted to fit “whats happening.” Otherwise someone is likely to misread signs and judge the scene ethnocentrically. 7. 正如一个学习英语的人所表达的那样，相似性的假设这个的绊脚石是一个“麻烦”，不仅仅是对于来访的外国人，就连这个外国人接触的东道国的人也都是个问题。(段七正1) The stumbling block of assumed similarity is a “trou

9、blem,” as one English learner expressed it, not only for the foreigner but for the people in the host country with whom the international visitor comes into contact. 9. 词意多变的现象，尤其再加上了语调起伏和音调元素,就更难以掌握，以致于常常被置之不理.(段八正7) The variations in possible meaning, especially if inflecting and tonal qualities a

10、re added, are so difficult ot cope with that they are often waved aside. 10. 当一个日本人被问到“你不想要喝点茶吗?”，他(或她)听出了句子的字面意思，然后回答“不”，意思是他(或她)想要。其实“是的，我不想要”也许是一个更好的回答，因为这种前后矛盾的回答方式可以暗示主人这之中可能存在误解。(段八倒8) When a Japanese hears “wont ”he or she listens to the literal meaning of the sentence and answers ,”meaning t

11、hat wants some.” Would be a better reply because this tips off the host or hostess that there may be a misunderstanding. 11. 当然，在一些文化中，拒绝主人前两次提供的茶点是礼貌的行为。但是，许多外国客人最终会感到饥饿，因为他们的美国主人从不主动第三次提供茶点另外一种“不”就意味着“是”的情况。(段八倒4) Also, in some culture ,it is polite to refuse the first or second offer of refreshme

12、nt, many foreign guests have gone hungry because their US host or hostess never presented the third offer-another case of “no”meaning “yes”. 12. 更困难的是如何正确理解那些远未意识到的其他文化中的潜在规则，如对时空关系的处理和尊重礼节的点点滴滴。(段十) It is more difficult to note corrently the unspoken codes of the other culture that are further from

13、 awareness, such as the handling of time and spatial relationships and subtle signs of respect of formality. 13. 如果一位教授认为来自印度尼西亚、墨西哥和一些其他国家的每名学生都“爱讨价还价”，那么可能会不公平地把这些国际学生的迟疑或请求理解为他们试图利用优先对待。(段十一倒4) A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia, Mexico, and many other countries to bargain may unfair

14、ly interpret a hesitation or request from an international student as a move to manipulate preferential treatment. 14. 在眼前展现一个可预知的，给个人确定方向的世界，这的确是文化的基本功能之一。思维定式是过度概括的、第二手的信念，提供概念基础，在此基础上“弄清楚”我们身边发生事情，无论这些信念是否正确，是否符合实际情形。(段十二正3) Indeed, this is one of the basic functions of culture: to lay out a pred

15、ictable world in which the individual is firmly oriented. Stereotypes are overgeneralized, secondhand beliefs that providde conceptual bases from which to “make sense” out of what goes on around us, whether or not they are accurate or fit the circumstances. 15. 在异国他乡，运用它们会增强我们的安全感，在心理上是必要的-只要我们无法容忍歧

16、义，无法容忍因不能了解并处理那些超出我们理解的人或情况而感到的无助。(段十二倒5) In a foreign land their use increase our feeling of security and is psychologically necessary to the degree that we cannot tolerate ambiguity or the sense of helplessness resulting from inability to understand and deal with people and situations beyond our c

17、omprehension. 16. 程式化思维之所以难以消除是因为本民族它在本民族文化中根深蒂固，已成为神话或公理，同时也因为它有时使偏见合理化了。(段十三正5) Stereotypes are not easy to overcome in ourselves or to correct in others, even with the presentation of evidence, they persist because they are firmly established as myths or truisms by ones own national culture and b

18、ecause they sometimes rationalize predudices. 17. 一旦深深牵涉到感受和情绪时，直接评价导致的交流中止就会更加突出；而正是此时最需要通过聆听去进行理解。(段十六) Communication cutoff caused by immediate evaluation is heightened when feelings and emotions are deeply involved; yet this is just the time when listening with understanding is most needed. 18.

19、不应该通过价值判断的重重密障，而应该换位去观察和聆听，不然只会妨碍我们去公正的理解.(段16) Look and listen empathetically rather than through the thick screen of value judgments that impede a fair understanding. 19. 适度的警惕和积极的态度可以使人满怀精力去应对挑战，但是由于适度的压力不断积累造成高度的兴奋，就会很快耗尽身体储备的能量；不论这个人是否愿意，必然会产生防备心理。(段十七正3) Moderate arousal and positive attitude

20、prepare one to meet challenges with energy , but high arousal caused by a buildup of continued moderate stress, depletes the bodys energy reserve quickly and defense must be used whether or not the person wills it. 20. 如果长期呆在国外，并且又不能降低自己的戒备心理，就难免会产生“文化休克”现象。其结果可能会导致疾病的发生，此时身体必须要休息和恢复。(段十七倒4) If the

21、stay in a foreign country is prolonged and the newcomer cannot let down his or her high alertlevel, the culture shock phenomenon occurs. Illness may result ,the body forcing needed rest and recuperation. 21. 除非他们采取防卫措施，比如回到他们自己的文化或自我当中，剔除或忽视这种刺激，或者变得具有攻击性或抱有敌意，否则他们的自尊所受到伤害会达到不可忍受的地步。这些防卫中的任何一种都不会带来积

22、极有效的交流。(段十八倒5) Their selfesteem is often intolerably undermined unless they employ such defenses as withdrawal into their own reference group or into themselves, screening out or misperceiving stimuli, or becoming aggressive or hostile. None of these defenses leads to effective communication. 第三课： 1

23、. 这种心态认为把所有的原料放在一起搅拌混合，最后变成一种均匀的的混合物。(段一正This mentality assumes all ingredients can be whipped together into one smooth misture. 2. 对继父或继母来说，和一个继子女有着亲密的关系，正在和另一个继子女建立关系，还和年纪较大的那个继子女有一定距离，这些都是很正常的。(段二正109/07年) It is quite normal for a stepparents to have close bonds with one stepchild, be working on

24、bonds with another, while experiencing a distant relationship with an older child. 3. 这个家庭融合方式的结果，是把原料和调料(即仪式,价值观,偏好)置于高压之下完全混合起来.(段九正1) This family cooking style results in ingredients and spices(that is rituals values and preferences) being put under pressure to meld together completely. 4. 尊重他人的所

25、有物是很重要的，因为这教会人要尊重他人；这也给回到另一个家的孩子传达了一种归属感。“你也许在你爸爸的家里，但你仍然在这里有一个位置。”(段十二倒5) Respecting one anothers possessions is important because it teaches people to honor others; it is also communicates belonging to the child who is spending time at the other home. You may be at your dads house, but you still h

26、ave a place here. 5. 我推荐一种瓦罐煨汤式的方法。选择这种方式的继亲家庭明白，时间和低温能导致一种有效的融合。(段十三正2) I recommend a Crockpot cooking style. Stepfamilies choosing this style understand that time and low heat make for an effective combination. 6. 当原料的汁液开始流到一起，瑕疵被净化掉，每种原料中有益的、令人满意的品质都添加到了口味里。(段十三倒5) As the juices begin to flow tog

27、ether , imperfections are purified, and the beneficial ,desirable qualities of each ingredient are added to the taste. 7. 温火慢炖的状态会让你此时此刻放松心情，享受你的继亲家庭走向融合的每一小步所带来的喜悦，而不是逼迫家庭成员向前冲。(段十五倒4) A slow-cooking mentality invites you to relax in the moment and enjoy the small steps your stepfamily is making to

28、ward integration ,rather than pressuring family members to move ahead. 8. 作为一个瓦罐煨汤式的继父，你会过分担心为什么没有迅速地与青春期的继女相处融洽。(段十七正1) As a crockpot stepfather, you donnot worry excessively about why you are not immediately bonding with your teenage stepdaughter. 9. 如果他们接收了你，那你就要公开地回报他们的爱。如果她仍跟你保持距离或是很冷淡，那你就找到把握规

29、则，继续生活的方法。但是不要坚持认为孩子会自动接受你的权威和抚爱。(段十七倒4) If she remains distant or standoffish, find ways of managing rules and getting through life. But do not insist a child automatically accept your authority or physical affection. 10. 但是瓦罐煨汤式的家长却懂得继父母对于最小的继子来说是“爹地”，对于稍大点的孩子来说是“James”,对于青春期的孩子却是“James先生”。(段十八正4)

30、 But a crockpot adult would understand that a stepparent can be “”to his youngest stepchild/next oldest/teenager. 11. 瓦罐煨汤式的继亲家庭了解孩子们对其亲生父母的感情和心理依恋，他们不会强迫孩子们改变这种依恋。(段十八倒3) Crockpot stepfamilies recognize the emotional and psychological attachment children have to biological parents and do not force

31、them to change those attachments. 12. 在继亲家庭的融合过程的早期，容许父母在没有继亲成员情况下，与自己的子女单独呆在一起，保持各自家庭的传统和仪式，这可能是有帮助的。(段十九正2) Early in a stepfamilys integration process it can be helpful to maintain separate family traditions and rituals by giving parents permission to spend time with their children without the ste

32、p relations present. 13. 象这样的小家庭的活动有助于孩子得到与自己生父或生母和亲兄弟姐妹在一起，不受打扰的时间，尊重他们得到自己最爱的人的关注的需要。(段十九倒5) Such a mini-family activity helps children get uninterrupted time with their biological parent and siblings, honoring their need for attention from the ones they love most. 14. 小家庭活动也许不像是一个好的解决方法，因为他们试图将自己继亲家庭当作嫡亲家庭来驾驭。承认自己的继亲家庭正在融合一种过程中，将有助于他们认识到：就目前而言，这也许是问题的最好解决办法。 (段二十四) Mini-family activities might not feel like a good solution because they were trying to steer their family as they would a biological family, accepting their stepfamily as one in th