HULLTEST赫尔槽测试中文版.docx

1、HULLTEST赫尔槽测试中文版The Hull Cell . Patent # 2,149,344) is a miniature test cell designed to produce a plated deposit over a range of current densities. The deposit is dependent upon the condition of the plating bath . concentration of primary components, addition agents and impurities). The Hull Cell i

2、s a useful tool for varying chemical composition, determining covering power (the lowest current density at which a deposit is produced), measuringaverage cathode efficiency, average metal distribution or throwing power, and observing the effects of pH,temperature and decomposition products. A clear

3、 Lucite Hull Cell enables the operator to observe the plating onthe back of the test panel to determine relative covering power at very low current densities.赫尔槽（美国专利2149344）是一种被设计用来在一定电流密度范围内产生电镀层的小型测试槽。电镀层的状况由电镀液的状况决定（主盐成分，添加剂和杂质）。赫尔Cell是一种有用的工具，为不同的化学组成，确定覆盖能力（最低电流密度产生的镀层），测量平均电流效率，金属平均分配或分散能力，并观

4、察pH值温度和分解产物的影响，。一个透明的合成树脂赫尔槽能够让操作者通过观察试片背面的镀层，以确定在非常低的电流密度下的相对覆盖能力。The Hull Cell was originally developed by the R. O. Hull Company, which later became the ROHCO Division ofMcGean-Rohco, and is now part of Atotech. The Hull Cell has become an integral part of plating operations everywhere. 赫尔槽最早由赫尔公

5、司发明，该公司现在是安美特公司的一个部分，赫尔槽已经成为世界各地电镀操作的一个必须部分。ADVANTAGESThe Hull Cell enables an experienced operator to determine the following facts about a plating solution:1. Approximate Bright Current Density Range. This is accomplished by comparing the bright plated areas on the panel with current densities giv

6、en in a chart. If the bright or operable range is between 1-1/4” (3.2 cm) and 2-1/2 “(6.4 cm) from the left side of the panel, and the total current applied is 3 Amps,the corresponding respective current densities from a Hull Cell ruler or chart lie between 75 Amps/ft2 Amps/dm2) and 25 Amps/ft2 amps

7、/dm2). Since these values represent extreme limits, it doesnot follow that either of these current densities can be used in a plating bath without obtaining a poordeposit. However, some intermediate current density such as 50 Amps/ft2 Amps/dm2) should workbest.优点：赫尔槽可以让有经验的操作者确定电镀液的以下状况：1. 近似光亮电流密度的

8、范围。这是通过用给定的电流密度下比较在试片上的光亮镀层范围来实现。如果光亮或可操作的范围为从试片的左边算起1-1/4“（3.2厘米）和2-1/2”（6.4厘米），提供的总电流为3安培，从各自的相应赫尔槽尺或图表电流密度读出电镀范围为75 Amps/ft2（ Amps/dm2）和25 Amps/ft2（ amps/dm2）。由于这些值代表了极限，但是这不表示这些电流密度可以在任一镀液中使用而不产生差的镀层。所以，一些中间电流密度，如50 Amps/ft2（ Amps/dm2）是最合适的。2. Approximate Concentrations of Primary Constituents s

9、uch as zinc metal content, sodium cyanidecontent, nickel metal content, etc. Generally, the higher the metal content of a bath, the higher (but notnecessarily wider) is the operable bright current density range.3. Addition Agent Concentration. Although a few addition agents can be determined by anal

10、ysis, theHull Cell test usually provides the only satisfactory means of controlling the addition of these materials,provided they exhibit a visible effect on the deposit.4. Metallic or Organic Impurities in a plating bath affect the appearance of the Hull Cell deposit, andtheir presence or absence c

11、an be established.2. 主要成分的大概浓度。如锌金属含量，氰化钠，镍金属含量等，一般来说镀液的金属含量越高可操作的光亮电流密度越高。（但不一定是更宽的）3. 添加剂用量。虽然有少数添加剂可以分析，赫尔槽试验通常提供了控制这些添加剂唯一令人满意的方法，只要添加剂在镀层上产生可见的效果。4. 镀液中的金属或有机杂质会影响试片的外观，因此可以判断这些杂质是否存在。TEST METHODSBefore running a Hull Cell plating test, the following steps must be taken:1. Bring the solution to

12、 be tested to its normal operating level in the plating tank.2. Either stir the bath thoroughly or use a sampling tube extending to the bottom of the tank and go overthe tank uniformly from one end to the other.3. The temperature of the bath sample should be maintained at the proper operating temper

13、ature duringthe test. The best method for testing samples at high temperatures is by using a Model HT Hull Cell,which is equipped with a heating element and thermostat.4. Use a clean Hull Cell and clean the cathode panel. If more than one type of plating solution is to betested regularly, one cell s

14、hould be used exclusively for each type to avoid cross contamination.5. Hull Cell plating tests do not eliminate the need for occasional chemical analysis. Such analyses shouldbe made before the plating test so that the bath sample can be adjusted to the optimum compositioneither prior to or during

15、the sequence of Hull Cell tests.分析方法在进行赫尔槽测试前，以下的步骤必修遵循1使要进行测试的镀液操作条件和镀槽里的一样。2要么彻底搅拌镀液或使用采样管延伸到镀槽底部从镀槽的一边转到另一边。3.在测试时测试镀液的温度必修保持在一定的操作范围，一些要在较高温度下测试的镀液，最好采用可加热和控温的赫尔槽4使用清洁的赫尔槽和试片。赫尔槽最好专用，避免不同镀液的交叉污染。5赫尔槽测试不能取消代替必要的化学分析，在赫尔槽测试前应分析样品，以便镀液可以在赫尔槽测试时调整到最佳的范围。6. Zinc coated steel cathode panels must be st

16、ripped of the zinc by immersing them into a 1:1 solution ofhydrochloric acid and water, rinsed and then cleaned with a wet, clean cloth or wet paper towel, justbefore use. Since the Hull Cell is an actual plating tank, improperly prepared panels will not respondsatisfactorily in the cell, just as in

17、 commercial practice.7. For duplication of results, plating times in the Hull Cell should be the same as that used in theproduction tank. Testing times for different solutions may differ and are specified in the section thatfollows for the different solutions. A conventional timer can be supplied as

18、 an accessory to the Hull Cellset.8. The correct volumes of solution to use is 267 ml for the 267 ml Hull Cell, 534 ml for the 534 ml Hull Celland 1000 ml for the 1000 ml Hull Cell. A 2-gram addition to 267 ml, 4-gram addition to the 534 ml or addition to a 1000 ml Hull Cell is equivalent to a 1 oz/

19、gal (7.5 g/l) addition to the plating tank.To test a hot bath sample, the Model HT Hull Cell should be used. NOTE: A Lucite Hull Cell shouldnever be placed on a hot plate.9. CAUTION: DO NOT LEAVE THE HEATER ON OVERNIGHT OR UNATTENDED FOR PROLONGEDPERIODS OF TIME. EVAPORATION OF THE SOLUTION COULD CA

20、USE A MELT DOWN OF THEHULL CELL ITSELF - A POTENTIAL FIRE HAZARD.10. The Filtered Output Rectifier Model B-267 or Model B-534 is the preferred current source. A singlephaserectifier without a properly designed filter circuit must not be used.11. Steel cathodes have a semi-bright, uniform appearance.

21、 Cathodes should only be used once and thenfiled for future reference. They should not be stripped and reused, as this will change the condition ofthe surface. Experience has shown that a poor or non-uniform steel surface can cause misleadingresults. Replacement cathodes that duplicate the original

22、zinc plated cathode panels provided with theset may be ordered from Atotech. Polished brass panels are also available for use with copper, nickeland chromium plating solutions.12. Do not make too many tests on one sample of plating bath. Generally, six panels cannot be made on asingle nickel-plating

23、 bath sample unless the pH is checked after each second panel. Here the HT 534cell is desirable because of the high volume-low current ratio.6.有锌层的钢试片在使用前必须用1:1的盐酸水溶液退掉锌层，然后用湿的纸巾或布清洁，由于赫尔槽就是一个实际上的镀槽，没有经过认真处理清洁的试片就不能确定满意的效果，就像实际电镀中那样。7为了实验结果的可复制性，赫尔槽的测试时间应和实际的电镀时间一致，不同镀液的测试时间可能不同，可通过一个计时器来控制时间。8.使用正确

24、体积的镀液来测试，如267ml在267ml规格的赫尔槽里。测试热的镀液可以用可加热的赫尔槽，但是应注意透明树脂的赫尔槽不能用来测试热的镀液。9注意：使用加热的赫尔槽时应有人看守，避免镀液蒸发完产生火灾危险。10 使用具有良好滤波能力的整流器。11.试片有半光亮均匀的外观，试片只能用一次，然后保存起来以供日后参考，试片不能退镀和重复使用，因为这将改变试片表面的状况，经验表明一个表面很差的或者不均匀的试片可能会导致实验结果的误判，安美特可提供覆锌的钢板试片，抛光的黄铜片也可用于铜镍铬镀液的测试。12同一个镀液样品不能做太多次的测试，一般来说一个镍的样品最多打六张片，而且每打一张都要检测溶液的PH值

25、。如果是534ML的槽则可以在低电流打片的时候多打几张。13 单位换算克/升=0.134盎司/加仑克/升=0.1千克/百升SPECIFIC PLATING BATHSThe Hull Cell plating test is best used to determine the effects of varying each type of plating bath used inproduction. For example, if a bright nickel bath is to be tested, each parameter . temperature, agitation,ni

26、ckel, sulfate, chloride, brightening agents and metallic impurities such as copper, lead, zinc, etc.) should beevaluated individually and the effects noted on the deposit. In conducting such tests, it is helpful to make updilute solutions of the proprietary addition agents so that unit volumes added

27、 to the Hull Cell volume are equivalent to simple additions to the plating bath.具体的各种镀液测试赫尔槽电镀测试是最好的用来确定每个不同镀液生产中各种因素的影响，例如，如果一个光亮镍镀液进行测试，每个参数（如温度，搅拌，镍，硫酸盐，氯化物，光亮剂和金属杂质如铜，铅，锌等）应独立的考虑并且在镀层上表示出来。在进行这种试验，稀释专门的添加剂很有用，以便计算添加入镀槽中的量。For solid chemicals, the addition of 2 grams to 267 ml, 4 grams to 534 ml,

28、 and grams to 1000 ml Hull Cellsis equivalent to 1 oz/gal (7.5 g/l) to the plating tank. Liquid chemicals such as brighteners or addition agents arenormally specified or controlled based on percent (%) by vol. (ml/l) or gal.对固体化学品，添加2克至267毫升，4克至534毫升，7.5克到1000毫升赫尔槽相当于添加1盎司/加仑（7.5克/升）至电镀槽。对光亮剂或补充剂等液体

29、化学品通常通过毫升/升或 /加仑指定或控制的体积百分比。When the additive is a liquid, a solution diluted with water is recommended for Hull Cell additions and testing.The material should be diluted to a 20% by volume solution. The addition of one ml of a 20% by volumesolution to a 267 ml Hull Cell is equivalent to an addition

30、 of % by vol. ml/l), fl. oz./gal, of theadditive to the plating tank.当添加剂是液体时最好将添加剂稀释成20%的水溶液，添加1ml到267ml的赫尔槽里相当于添加l的这种添加剂到镀槽里。The value of the Hull Cell test depends upon the experience that the operator has gained in using it. Thefollowing generalizations serve as a guide as to what can be expecte

31、d when testing different types of baths.赫尔槽测试的价值取决于操作者的经验，以下概括为一个测试不同镀液的指导。BRIGHT NICKELBright nickel baths are probably the most difficult to control when trying to maintain deposit luster. Somebrightening agents can be determined by analysis, in which case, Hull Cell tests serve as a check on theo

32、perating condition of the bath. Other brightening agents cannot be checked analytically. In this case, the HullCell becomes a useful tool for controlling concentration. Testing of bright nickel solutions requires a uniformquality steel cathode panel in order to check the ability of the bath to build brightness.光亮镀镍光亮镍镀液可能是最难以控制的镀液，因为要保持镀层光亮。一些光亮剂可以通过分析确定，在这种情况下，赫尔槽测试提供了一个对镀液使用状况的检查，其他添加剂不能分析，在这种情况下，赫尔槽成为一种控制浓度的有用工具。光亮镍镀液的测试需要一个均匀的优质试片，以检查镀液的光亮能力。Before runni