1、英语语法句子成分分析及练习DOC英语句子成分分析一个句子至少由两部分构成,即主语和谓语,它们是句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语(包括双宾语中的直接宾语和间接宾语),表语,定语(包括前置定语及后置定语),状语,同位语(包括限制性同位语及非限制性同位语),补语。一.主语:是一句话的中心,一个句子中需要加以说明或描述的对象如:Theywereteachers.(他们曾是老师。)Timeflies.(时光飞逝。)这两句话中分别由代词They,名词Time作主语。主语的位置:一般位于句首,由名词、代词、数词或相当于名词的词、短语等充当。Theschoolisfarfromhere.名词做主语She
2、goestoschoolbybike.代词做主语Eightisaluckynumber.数词做主语Theblindneedmorehelp.名词化的形容词做主语Predictingthefutureisinteresting.动名词做主语Tobeadoctorismydream.不定式短语做主语Thatheforgottotellmethetimeforthemeetingcausedlotsoftrouble.他忘了告诉我开会的时间给我带来了很多麻烦。(从句)Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.(It形式主语,主语从句是真正
3、主语)二.谓语:是对主语加以陈述,表示人或事物(主语)的动作和存在的状态英语中由动词be、动词have和行为动词来充当谓语动词谓语动词往往由一个或一个以上的助动词或情态动词加上主要动词构成。谓语必须由动词或动词短语充当,因此动词不定式、动名词、分词为非谓语动词,不能作谓语。且谓语动词可以体现时态,单复数的语法现象。如:Theywereteachers.(他们曾是老师。)Heenjoyssingingsongs.(他喜欢唱歌。)这两句话分别由动词were(are的过去式),enjoyssinging(enjoydoing动词短语)作谓语。其中were体现出句子的时态为过去时态,且主语的人称为第一
4、人称,enjoyssinging体现出句子的时态为一般现在时,且主语的人称为第三人称。三.宾语:表示动作的承受者。宾语放在及物动词或者介词之后。如:Iplaywithhim.(我和他玩。)IlikeChinesefood.(我喜欢中国菜。)这两句话中分别由人称代词him,名词food作宾语。直接宾语与间接宾语:有的动词能够接双宾语,直接宾语指的是动词所涉及的物,间接宾语是指受益于动词所表示行为的人。如:Hegavemeabook.(他给了我一本书)这句话中abook为直接宾语,me为间接宾语。又如:Mymotherboughtaschoolbagtome.(我妈妈买了一个书包给我。)这句话中s
5、choolbag为直接宾语,me为间接宾语。及物动词必须跟宾语.及物动词:直接接宾语的谓语动词.不及物动词:不能直接带宾语的谓语动词.宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句构成.Isawaplaneintheskyjustnow.名词做宾语Iwantthree.数词做宾语Ilikegoingshopping.动名词做宾语Wethinkpredictingthefutureishard.宾语从句四宾语补足语(宾补):对宾语的补充有些及物动词除了要有一个宾语之外,还须加上一个补足语。如果没有补足语(宾补),有时候句子的意思就不完整。这就是补语与定语状语的关键区别。充当宾补的有:Weelec
6、tedhimmonitor.(名词)Wewillmakethemhappy.(形容词)Wefoundnobodyin.(副词)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.(介词短语)Dontlethimdothat.(省to不定式)Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(带to不定式)Dontkeepthelightsburning.(现在分词)Illhavemybikerepaired.(过去分词)五.表语:用来说明主语的身份、特征、性质、状态。接在系动词之后,其中接在系动词be后是最常见的情况。如Theywereteachers.(他
7、们曾是老师。)Heiskind.(他心地善良。)这两句话分别由名词teachers,形容词kind作表语。表语的位置:用在动词be和系动词的后面。常见的系动词1.be动词:amisare2.与感觉有关的动词look,sound,smell,taste,feel等3.表示状态变化的动词,意为“变得”“变成”如get,grow,turn等名词、代词、数词、介词短语、副词等都可以和连系动词一起构成复合谓语。Yourpenisonthedesk.Mydreamistohavearobot.Hegotveryangry.Mysisterisanurse.我姐姐是一个护士。(nurse名词表身份)This
8、tableislong.这个桌子是长的。(long形容词表特征)Childrenfallasleepeasily.(形容词asleep表状态)Seventy-four!Youdontlookit.(代词)Fiveandfiveisten.(数词)Thepictureisonthewall.(介词短语)Thequestioniswhethertheywillcome.(表语从句)六.定语:是用来说明或限制名词的成分可分为前置定语和后置定语,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前,构成前置定语;相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面,构成后置定语。如:Thisisredsu
9、n.(这是个红太阳)这句话由形容词red作前置定语,修饰sun.又如:Hisworkinthehospitalisveryhard.(他在这个医院的工作很辛苦。)这句话由相当于形容词的介词短语inthehospital作后置定语,修饰work。Thisisaredsun.这是个红太阳。(形容词red修饰限定sun)Heisatallboy.他是个高个子男孩。(形容词tall修饰限定boy)DaMingisachemistryteacher.(名词)Heisourfriend.(代词)Webelongtothethirdworld.(数词)Themanoverthereismyoldfriend
10、.(副词)Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词)Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.(过去分词)Ihaveanideatodoitwell.(不定式)YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.(定语从句)七状语:是用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前,也可以放在动词之后;修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。区别状语与定语的关键就是看其所修饰的部分,定语修饰名词,且起说明、限制作用。状语是修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的成分。它可以表示时间、地点
11、、方式、比较、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件和让步等。充当状语的有副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词短语、形容词、名词词组和从句等)常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前,也可以放在动词之后;修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如:Thestudentsstudyhard.(学生努力学习)这句话由副词hard作study的状语。又如:PandasonlyliveinChina.(熊猫仅生活在中国。)这句话由介词短语inChina作live的状语。再如:Intheafternoon,Iwenttoswim.(下午,我去了游泳。)这句话由介词短语intheafternoon作整个句子的状语。Iwillg
12、otheretomorrow.(时间状语)Themeetingwillbeheldinthemeetingroom.(地点状语)Themeatwentbadbecauseofthehotweather.(原因状语)HestudieshardtolearnEnglishwell.(原因状语)Hedidntstudyhardsothathefailedintheexam.(结果状语)Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpasstheexam.(条件状语)Hegoestoschoolbybike.(方式状语)状语的位置1.在一般情况下,用于句末。Welikeourschoolverymuch
13、.2.为了强调状语,可以把它放在句首.Iusuallygetupatsix,butthismorningIgotupateight.3.表频度的副词通常用于句中,如always,usually,often,hardly,never,用于行为动词前,be动词、助动词和情态动词后Iusuallygetupearly.Heisoftenlate.一些副词,如already,once,just,soon,yet,still,nearly,almost,really,suddenly,certainly等用法相似/sometimes,now可以位于句首,句中或句末/only在句中的位置比较灵活,但位置不
14、同,意义也不同.Theactoronlysangasong.Onlytheactorsangasong.Theactorsangonlyonesong.两个或多个状语同时修饰时的顺序1.地点状语在前,时间状语在后.WewillhaveameetinginRoom202tomorrow.2.较小单位的状语在前,由小到大Mr.Lilivesat88ChongwenRd.,Suzhou,Jiangsu.3.一个句子有几个不同种类的副词作状语,其顺序大都是:程度副词,方式副词,地点副词,时间副词Shesangverywellatthemeetinglastnight.时间和地点状语也可以位于句首,表示
15、强调或使上下文更为连贯UsuallyIreadthenewspapersinthemorning,butyesterdayIreadthemintheevening.八同位语:一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行修饰,限定或说明.同位语与被它限定的词常常紧挨在一起。限制性同位语与非限制性同位语:限制性同位语中同位语与被它限定的词之间不用逗号隔开,非限制性同位语则用逗号隔开。如:MyuncleMikeiskind.(我的叔叔马克心地善良)这句话中,Mike作myuncle的限制性同位语。又如:Heisinterestedinsports,especiallyballgames.(他对运动
16、感兴趣,特别是球类运动。)这句话中ballgames作sports的非限制性同位语。综上所述,通常情况下,句子的成分分布如下:(定语)主语(状语)谓语(定语)宾语(状语)如:(Thetall)boy(often)gotothe(big)zoo.(Thehappy)childwent(his)home(yesterday).英语句子成分歌英语句子八呀八大块,主谓宾表真呀真实在;补语跟着宾语表语跑,定语同位(语)专把名词踹。(踹表示修饰的意思)状语的位置它自由自在,忽右忽左随心所欲摆。浑身的毛病真呀真不少,前后乱窜它还会加塞。划分句子成分练习题(1)1.Theyareworkingonthefar
17、mnow.2.Seeingisbelieving3.AllofuslikeKobeBryantverymuch4.Shebecameadoctorin19985.Thebooklyingontheflooraremine6.Suddenlyitbeginstorain7.Tocatchthetrain,Igotupearlyyesterday8.Ialwaysfindherhappy9.HewondersIfIstillstudyEnglish10.TheletterwhichIreceivedthedaybeforeyesterdaywasafriendofmine11.Wealwayswo
18、rkhardatEnglish.12.Hesaidhedidntcome.13.Theyloveeachother.14.Whatdidyoubye?15.Shewatchedherdaughterplayingthepiano.16.yourjobtodayistohelptheold.17.Speakingdoesntmeandoing.18.ByethetimeIgottothestation,thetrainhadleft.19.Thechildrenboughttheirparentsacarforthe25thanniversaryoftheirmarriage.20.Ittake
19、smeanhourtogetthere.划分句子成分练习题(2)(一)挑出下列句中的宾语Mybrotherhasntdonehishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.Theymadehimmonitor
20、oftheclass.Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.TheydidntknowwhoFatherChristmasreallyis.(二)挑出下列句中的定语TheyuseMr.Mrs.withthefamilyname.Whatisyourgivenname?OnthethirdlapareClass1andClass3.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.Themandownstairswastryi
21、ngtosleep.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(三)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语1 Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.Shefounditdifficulttodothework.TheycallmeLilysometimes.IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?(四)挑出下列句中的状
22、语Therewasabigsmileonherface.Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtofast.Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.Iamafraidthatifyouvelostit,youmustpayforit.ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtose
23、etheothermachine.(五)划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语Pleasetellusastory.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.Didheleaveanymessageforme?答案:练习一1They(主语)areworking(系表结构做谓语)onthefarm(地点状语)now(时间状语).2.Seeing(动词ing做主语)is(谓语)believing(宾语)3.Allofus(主语)like(谓语)KobeBrya
24、nt(宾语)verymuch(程度副词状语)4.She(主语)became(谓语)adoctor(宾语)in1998(时间状语)5.Thebook(主语)lyingonthefloor(补语)are(谓语)mine(宾语)6.Suddenly(状语)it(形式主语)begantorain(谓语)7.Tocatchthetrain,(目的状语)I(主语)gotup(谓语)earlyyesterday(时间状语)8.I(主语)always(状语)find(谓语)her(宾语)happy(宾补)9.He(主语)wonders(谓语)ifI(条件句中的主语)stillstudy(条件句中的谓语)Eng
25、lish(条件句中的宾语)整个条件句做主干的宾语10.Theletter(主语)whichIreceivedthedaybeforeyesterday(定语从句)was(谓语)afriendofmine(宾语)11.WealwaysworkhardatEnglish。主语状语谓语状语状语12.Hesaidhedidntcome.主句主语主句谓语从句主语从句谓语13.Theyloveeachother.主谓语宾语14.Whatdidyoubuy?宾助动词主谓15.Shewatchedherdaughterplayingthepiano.主谓宾宾语补足语16.Yourjobtodayistohelptheold.-主定语系动词表语17.Speakingdoesntmeandoing.主谓宾18.ByethetimeIgottothestation,thetrainhadleft.时间状语从句主句主语主句谓语19.Thechildrenboughttheirparentsacarforthe25thanniversaryoftheirmarriage.-主语谓语间接宾语直接宾语状语20.Ittakesmeanhourtogetthere.形式主语谓语宾语真正主语
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