英语高考的实词与虚词.docx

1、英语高考的实词与虚词英语的虚词与实词虚词虚词没有实在意义，不能独立承当句子成分，包括冠词、介词、连词和感慨词:而且还有一个重要的特点，那就是，虚词没有词形的变化： 一、冠词(art.)：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a，an，the. 1.不定冠词:a，an 2.定冠词：the 二、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in，on，from，above，behind, across, against, along, around, among, before, below, beneath, besides, beyond, despite, during, exc

2、ept, front, including, inside, like, into, next, near, of, onto, out, out of, outside, over, owning to, per, regarding, since, through, till, towards, under, unlike, until, up, upon, via, while, with, within, without1.简单介词：是由一个单词构成的介词。可分为三类：普通介词:如at，by，for，from，in，of，on，to，with等合成介词:如onto，into，withi

3、n等分词介词：如including等2.二重介词：是由两个简单介词连用而构成的介词。如：from behind，since before，until after等3.短语介词：是由两个或两个以上的词所组成的短语构成的介词。如：in front of，because of，instead of等三、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。按在句子中的作用可分为并列连词和附属连词：After, although, also, and, anywhere, as, as long as, as soon as, because, before, both and but, considering

4、, either or even if, even so, even though, everywhere, for, hence, however, if, in case, in order that, instead of, likewise, never, nevertheless, not onlybut also, now that, once, or, otherwise, regardless, since, so, so that, such that, thus, till, until, unless, when, whenever, wherever, whether,

5、 where, while1.并列连词表示平行或对等关系的并列连词：and，bothand，as well as，not onlybut also，neithernor等表示转折关系的并列连词:but，yet，while等表示选择关系的并列连词：or，eitheror等表示因果关系的并列连词：for，so等2.附属连词：是引导从句的连词引导名词性从句的连词：that，whether，if 引导副词性从句的连词：when，while，as，since，before， after，once，as soon as，until，till，because，now that，although，though

6、，even if，even though，no matter how，no matter what，whatever，however，whetheror，if，unless，so long as，as long as，in order that，so that，sothat，as if，as though，than，where，wherever等四、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, every, everybody, everything, he, her, hims

7、elf, themselves, itself, I, it, me, mine, yours, neither, nobody, none, nothing, other, others, so, some, something, someone, that, these, they, this, those, us, what, whatever, when, whenever, who, whoever, whose, 五、感慨词(interj.)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh，well，hi，hello一篇文章10个空， 一般7个空是有提示词的， 相当于用所给词的正确形式填空；另外

8、3个是没有提示词的，需要我们填入连词，代词，介词，冠词等虚词。1.名词前面一般用冠词，代词或介词等。. A young man, while traveling through a desert, came across aspring of clear water. _ water was sweet. Besides,shopping at this time of the year was not _ pleasant experience. Theyoung man went home _ a happy heart. MoYan won the Nobel Prize for _ g

9、reat works._ time going by, the boy has grown into a strong man. .The girl danced _ the music of Paul Mallrats band.2.缺主语或宾语，一般填代词。. Hereare two bags. The blue _ is mine. Suddenlythe wall moved_ was made of trees. Newtechnologies have made _ possible to turn out new products faster._ is important fo

10、r our students to exercise one hour every day.3.并列的两个或多个单词，短语，或句子之间设空，一般填入并列连词and, but, or等。. Eachwinner receives a gold medal, a diploma _ a sum of money. Hewas very tired from doing this for a whole day, _ he felt very happy. Whichdo you prefer, folk music _ pop music?4.两句之间，如果不是并列句，那么很可能是主从句，因此需要

11、填入附属连词what， which， who, how, when等。比方宾语从句，定语从句或者是状语从句的连接词。这种空格需要同学们根据句子构造，分析到底是什么从句，从而选择适宜的附属连词。. Finally he reached a lonely island _ was pletely cut offfrom the outside world. _hard your try, it is difficult to lose weight. Ifyou happen to get lost in the wild, youd better stay _ you are. _we have

12、 enough evidence, we cannot win the case. Somechildren want to challenge themselves by learning a language different from_ their parents speak at home.At the same time, there had been a growing number of overseas students _came back to China after study.My face turned red on hearing _ my mother said

13、._ she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.It was the ability to do the job _ matters not where you e from or what you are.No sooner had she gone out_ a student came to visit her.实词是指有实在意义，能独立承当句子成分的词，包括名词、代词、形容词、副词、动词和数词。而且还有一个重要的特点，那就是，实词有词形的变化，尤其是动词，可谓

14、变化多端：1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy，morning，bag，ball，class，orange. 2、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good，right，white，orange . 3、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one，two，three，first，second，third，fourth. 4、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am，is，are，have，see . 5、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：well，very，here，often，quietly，slowl

15、y. 构词法 Word Formation在英语中词的构成方式主要有三种：合成、转化和派生。一、合成 pounding 两个或更多的词合成一个词。方式：1. 直接写在一起。 2. 用连字符(-)连接。 3. 由两个分开的词构成。(1) 合成形容词方式例词1形容词形容词red-hot2形容词名词first-class, full-time, part-time3形容词现在分词good-looking, free-thinking, 4形容词过去分词ready-made5形容词名词-edgood-tempered, middle-aged, cold-blooded6名词名词-ediron-wil

16、led7名词形容词world-famous, day-long 8名词现在分词beauty-loving, freedom-loving, job-hunting, 9名词过去分词man-made, water-covered, 10副词形容词ever-green11副词现在分词hard-working, far-seeing12副词过去分词well-prepared, quickly-cured, well-known13数词名词five-year14数词名词+形容词five-year-old15数词名词-edfour-legged, six-storied (2)合成动词构成方式例词1名词

17、动词day-dream2副词动词overe, upturn翻起3形容词动词white-wash(3)合成名词构成方式例词1名词名词horseback , bank-note, newspaper, cellphone, 2形容词名词back-yard, forehead, 3动名词名词hiding place, reading-room4动词副词get-off, break in, 5副词动词output, overflow(4)合成副词however, maybe, wherever, whenever, forever (5)合成代词whoever, whatever, everyone,

18、 nobody, myself, something, anything, 二、派生 Derivation前缀前缀含义例词a-处在arise, aside, aloneen-使可能enrich, enable, enslavedis-不，否认dissatisfy, dishonest, disappear, disorder, disagreeun-不做相反动作unable, unknown, unmon, unfortable, unfair, unclose, undress, uncover, untiein-im-ir-il-不，非inactive, incapable, inpati

19、ent, incorrect impossible, impersonal, impolite, immature, impracticalirregular, irresponsibleillogical, non-不，非non existent, non-interference, non-conductor, non-stopde-向相反方向开展Decentralize分散, defrost解冻anti-反对anti-freeze, anti-fascistmis-错误的，坏的misdoings, misunderstand, misfortunere重复，再rewrite, remar

20、ry, reunite, recycle, co-共同co-exist, co-operate, co-educationex以前的Ex-husband, ex-presidenttele远程telephone, telegraph, telescopesuper-在上面，超级supermarket, superpower, under-在之下underline, underestimate, underground, inter-相互，之间international, interact, inter-changesub-下，次subtitle, submarine, subconscious

21、, subcontinent, trans-过，穿过，变transformation(变形), translatevice-副vice-premier, vice-presidentsemi-半semifinal, semicircle, semi-automaticbi两个bicycle, biennial两年一次的tri三个triangle三角形, tricycle三轮脚踏车, triplets三胞胎mul-多，多种multiply, multi-national, multi-colouredkilo-千kilometre, kilogram后缀 后 缀例 词名词-erfarmer, w

22、eaver, pain-killer, murderer, , villager, stranger, speaker, cooker, recorder, heater-essactress, waitress, princess, hostess-orconductor, sailor, transistor, operator, -arbeggar-eseChinese, Portuguese, Japanese-ianmusician, Egyptian, physician-istscientist, dentist, munist, socialist, -ent/-antassi

23、stant -mentargument, judgment, government-nesshappiness, greatness, illness, coldness, sleeplessness-tiondictation, preparation, repetition, action, information, invention-ingbuilding, wedding, painting-shipleadership, friendship, hardship-ageshortage, marriage, leakage-tyloyalty, cruelty, penalty,

24、sixty, twenty, thirty, certainty-thtruth, warmth, length, growth, fifteenth, fourth-anceacceptance, assistance, reliance, appearance-encedependence, confidence, reference, entrance, defence-fulmouthful, handful, plateful, -alrefusal, denial, arrival-ydifficulty, possibility, -domfreedom, wisdom, kin

25、gdom-ismsocialism, materialism注意： -ese, -ian, -ist 既可以构成名词，又可以构成形容词。-er 构成的名词，既有表示人的，又有表示物的。后缀例 词形容词-alcentral, industrial, national, natural-anEuropean, American, Australian-erneastern, northern, southern-ablereasonable, horrible, terrible, believable, fortable, forgettable, sensible-fulcareful, ch

26、eerful, grateful, faithful, -ishchildish, Swedish, selfish-ivedestructive, collective, active, creative, effective-ythirsty, dirty, windy, sunny, cloudy, healthy, funny-lesscareless, hopeless, helpless, homeless, sleepless, fearless, limitless-engolden, wooden, woolen-ouscourageous, famous, continuo

27、us, serious, various-aryimaginary, revolutionary, secondary-icrealistic, historic, poetic-sometroublesome, burdensome, lonesome, handsome-likechildlike, womanlike, manlike-antignorant, significant, observant, important-entdiligent, silent, excellent, frequent -lylively, friendly, lovely, weekly, bro

28、therly, motherly-ishchildish, foolish后缀例 词动词-izerealize, modernize, mechanize, criticize, -enwiden, strengthen, lengthen, sharpen, widen, shorten, quicken, deepen-fySimplify, beautify, terrify, 后 缀例 词副词-ward(s)forward, northward, backward, downward，afterwards-lyslowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, ha

29、ppily, friendly三、转化 Conversion: 指一个词不变化词形，而由一种此类转化为另一种词类或几种词类。1. 名词和动词之间的转化telephone打, mirror镜子像镜子一样反映, drink喝饮料, record录音记录, name, date, hand, study, 2. 形容词转化为动词 perfect完美的使完善3.名词转化为形容词(副词) front前面前面的4.形容词转化为名词 chief 主要的首领-al arrive (n.)_chemistry(adj.)_memory(n.)_(v.)_music(adj.)_(n.)_survive(n.)_(n.)_try(n.)_-ance / -enceabsent (n.)_