第六讲 翻译技能长句翻译.docx

1、第六讲 翻译技能长句翻译长句翻译长句语段（句群）结构的调整是语段翻译的难点和主要内容之一。语段是由几个意义关系密切的句子组成，语段的调整实际上是各个有关句子受语段总体意义的制约而引起的句际结构调整。翻译时应注意以下几个方面： (1)保持描写角度的一致；(2)语句的“前言”和“后语”要配合；(3)句际时间概念要相互呼应；(4)句间逻辑要互相照应。具体翻译操作时，可以使用以下几种方法：保持原序；改变语序；拆开句子；合并句子。例如：1. The global economy that boomed in the 1960s, growing at an average of 5.5% a year,

2、 and pushed ahead at a 4.5 % a-year rate in the mid-1970, simply stopped growing in 1981-1982. 世界经济在60年代很繁荣，每年平均以5.5%的比率增长，到了70年代中期仍以平均以4.5%的比率增长，但是在1981年到1982年就完全停止增长了。（按照时间顺序）2. This is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations is engaged, without distin

3、ction of race, creed, or party这不是一场阶级之间的战争，而是一场不分种族、不分信仰，不分党派，整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国无不参加的战争。（注意：定语的顺序）3. Congress has made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spend it, the amount and sources of funds, membership, and names and salaries of their re

4、presentatives. 国会已经制定法律，要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少钱，怎样花的，款项的总额以及来源、成员人数、代表姓名和薪金等情况。4. As the West sleepwalks into a decade in which moral confidence and steadfast ness will be increasingly needed and decreasingly found, and as a cry for leadership issues from millions who probably would not recognize it if

5、they saw it, and probably reject it they did, John Paul II becomes more fascinating. （分析句子结构要从语法上开始）当西方恍恍惚惚地进入八十年代的时候，人们的道德信念和坚韧精神日益沉沦，而获得这一切的希望又日趋渺茫。千百万人迫切要求加强“领导”，而当胜任的领导出现的时候，他们却又可能视而不见，或者见到了又加以摒弃。约翰保罗二世之所以在西方变得越发具有魅力。5. 句子前后调整：全部倒置With a view to successfully maintaining a balanced system impleme

6、nted by a basically even distribution of Federal resources, Federal financial aid is given only if a state has acceptable standards of administration. 各州一先要制定符合规章的管理标准，联邦政府才会拔给财政援助，这是为了使联邦政府财源基本上得到平均的分配，确保实施一种平衡的财政制度。（结论条件）6. A great number of graduate students were driven into the intellectual slam

7、 when in the USA the intellectual poor became the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties. 五十年代后期的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而见的现象，穷知识分子的“垮掉的一代”这种颇为浪漫的姿态出现而成为美国的典型的穷人，正是在这个时候大批大学毕业生被赶进了知识分子贫民窟。注：倒置只是一种变通手段，并不是唯一可行的手段。（2）部分倒置7. I think

8、that it will be of interest to every one of us hereafter, whether we keep a diary or not, to note down a sheet of pages the actual circumstance which made him or her realize that this terrific episode had begun, and to record the exact time and hour when he or she experienced that circumstance.不论你是否

9、有记日记的习惯，当可怖的一幕揭开的时候，试在纸上记下当时的真情实景和准确的时间，往后读来，我想也是饶有兴味的。（注意中文表达的顺序和表达的简洁性）分译（Splitting/ dividing）某些成分从句子主干中拆开，另行处理(按照汉语句子结构安排以及词组之间的搭配) 8. An outsiders success could even curiously help the two parties to get the agreement they want. 说来奇怪，一个局外人取得成功竟然能够促使双方达成一项他们希望取得的协议。（单词拆离）9. The number of the youn

10、g people in the U.S. who cannot read is incredible about one in four.大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力。这简直令人难以置信。词组拆离10. Strolling unescorted at midday past a major concentration of the huts just a block from the citys central avenues I none the less saw many signs of occupation. 原译：中午，我在没有导游陪伴的时候，独自漫步街头，发现了一个很大的

11、棚户区，很多茅棚里还住了人。这个棚户区离中央大道很近。改译：中午，我独自漫步街头，路过一个离中央大道很近的棚户区，很多棚里还住了人。（是不是更加简洁明了呢？）分析：原译用了分译法，但是显得太散不够紧凑，而且将“这个棚户区离中央大道很近”位移至句末，似乎成为句子的焦点。原文的信息却不是这样。11. This land, which once barred the way of weary travelers, now has become a land for winter and summer vacation, a land of magic and wonder.原译：这个地方现在已经成为

12、冬夏两季的休假胜地，风光景物，蔚为奇观，而从精疲力竭的旅游者都只能到此止步。(比较通顺，下面两种译法同样可以传递原文的信息)A: 这个地方现在已经成为冬夏两季的休假胜地，风光景物，蔚为奇观，而从前精疲力竭的旅游者都只能到此止步。B: 这个曾经让筋疲力尽的旅游者都到此止步地方，现在已经成为冬夏两季的休假胜地，风光景物，蔚为奇观。注：只要译者善于变通语句又不影响原意，通常可以顺译，即采取切断式，以分句译出句首。难以连接时用冒号或逗号隔开，因为它对下文有提示作用，便于下文承接，可以表示对前提、结果、结论、条件、背景等等句首成分的推演、阅释、说明、铺叙或分解，引导出后续分句来。12. Such is

13、human nature in the west that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers. 许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人的社会地位，这在西方倒是人之常情。13. A justification beyond dispute follows that planned obsolescence and its resultant throw-away mentality ought t

14、o be done away with.人为地将产品过早地废弃以及由此而产生的那种用过就扔的浪费心理都应该去掉，这是无可厚非的。14. Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life. We should live each day with a gentleness, a vigor, and a keenness of

15、 appreciation which are often lost when time stretches before us in the constant panorama of more days and months and years to come. 有时我想，把每一天都当作生命的最后一天来过，也许是一种极好的生活准则。这种态度会使生命的价值鲜明突出，使我们以优雅的风度、旺盛的精力和高度珍惜的心情度过每一天；而当我们觉得岁月延绵不断，来日方长时，往往失掉这种态度。（注意增词）汉语长句翻译长句的结构特点：字数较多，层次较为复杂。主要方法：如何断句和如何区分主从。汉语重意合，英语重形

16、合。长句中前者的主谓成分较难确认，但非常重视意义的连贯，句与句之间的关系隐藏常在字里行间。“逻辑顺序”是汉语构句所遵循的规律，在时间上重视“时间的先后顺序”，在逻辑上重视“前因后果关系”。例如：重点是普及义务教育，积极发展职业及教育和成人教育，适度发展高等教育，优化教育结构。译文1: We must lay emphasis on making compulsory education universal, vigorously developing vocational and adult education, moderately developing higher education a

17、nd optimizing educational structure. （需要补充主语）译文2： Great importance must be attached to making compulsory education universal, vigorously developing vocational and adult education, moderately developing higher education and optimizing educational structure.（可以改变句型结构）一、原序翻译: 按照汉语的句子顺序将原文译成英文译文也保持长句的形式

18、。1. 我国目前正在修订专利法和商标法，拟定要修订的许多内容都要进一步向国际标准和国际化靠拢；有的及时准备分两部甚至三步走，那也是为了做好协调工作，稳妥前进，避免欲速则不达。China is at present revising its Patent Law and, and many of the contents recommended for revision are coming closer to international standards and internationalization; in respect of some other contents, although

19、 preparations are being made to revise them in two or even three steps, it is only for the sake of accomplishing the task of harmonization properly, ensuring steady progress and avoiding the hazard of “ more haste, less speed”.2. 上海针织厂有个企业组成，生产规模大，且拥有众多的名牌产品，如“菊花牌”、“鹅牌”、和“三枪牌”，公司每年的销售额高到亿元人民币。 Shang

20、hai Knitting Corporation is made up of 37 enterprises and enjoys a broad production scale, and with several well-known brands such as “Chrysanthemum”, “Swan”, “ Three Guns”, it has annual sales volume of about 1.3 billion RMB.二、 分译法：汉语结构较为松散，而英语句子结构较严谨。分译的原则是意义明晰，结构清楚，符合英语语言的表达习惯。(1) 汉语长句中含有反问句、反诘句或

21、感叹句，往往分译。3. 盛夏炎日，一走进浙江莫干山的林间小道就汗止心凉，加上清风拂煦，浑身有说不出的舒坦，忍不住要赞叹一声：莫干山，好一个清凉世界！No matter how hot it is “outside”, once you step onto the trail through the forest on Mt. Mogan in Zhejiang Province, the sweat withdraws from your body. In addition, the breeze refreshes you with a gentle cares. How cool it i

22、s!Take the farmers for case. They are now more eager to use scientific methods for farming. The amount of land devoted to hybrid rice had risen so that the per-mu yield has gone up considerably.(2) 长句内若有概括句，英译时可以分译。汉语有些句子习惯于先作概括，即先作总说，后再分述，或者是先详尽阐述而后做概括。若是前一种情况，则在概括部分断句分译。若是后一种情形，则将最后的总结或概括句断开，单独分译成

23、一个句子。例如：7. 总之，微波只能以直线的方式传播，没有一系列的转播塔，它们就不能越过漫长的距离，把消息传递到遥远的地方。In short, microwaves can only travel in straight line. Without series of relay towers, it is impossible for them to send messages over long distances to remote places. 8. 灾难深重的中华民族，一百年来，其优秀人物奋斗牺牲，前赴后继，探索救国救民的真理，是可歌可泣的。For a hundred years,

24、 the finest sons and daughters of the disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and sacrificed their lives, one stepping into the breach as another fell, in quest of the truth that would save the country and the people. This moved us to songs and tears.(4) 长句内含有对立句，可分译。9. 本世纪上半夜的上海曾经是中国工业、贸易、金融和商业的中心，有着

25、远东大都会浪漫而传奇的历史，吸引过不少外来资本，因而一度成为“冒险家的乐园”。In the first half of this century Shanghai served as the industrial, trade, financial and commercial center of the country. It attracted many foreign investors as a mysterious Oriental city and an adventurers paradise.10. 与会者对这个问题的观点差别太大，以致发生了争吵，一时会场的气氛紧张起来。The

26、 opinions of the attendants were far form unanimous about this issue so that some of them began to quarrel with each other. The atmosphere at the meeting became tense at the moment.(5) 长句内若含有阐述句，要分译。例如：11. 提出问题，首先就要对于问题即矛盾两个基本方面加以大略的调查和研究，才能懂得矛盾的性质是什么，这就是发现问题的过程。To pose the problem, you must first m

27、ake a preliminary investigation and study of the two aspects of the problem or contradiction before you can understand the nature of the contradiction. This is the process of discovering the problem.(6) 长句若含有多层意思时则往往分译，使关系更清晰，更符合英语表达习惯。12. 漫步山涧时，听得四处竹林间的淙淙泉声，众多的溪泉汇成一条狭长而深邃的小溪，顺山势而下，及至悬崖处，猛然跌落二三丈，形成一

28、瀑布，水珠凉透肌肤。Trolling along the path you can hear springs singing everywhere in the bamboo forest. Several little springs assemble into a narrow but deep little river, running along the mountainside. Meeting a small cliff, it falls down two or three feet with drops splashing, forming a thin water curta

29、in which gently covers your skin.三、变序翻译： 按照译语的表达习惯重新组织和排列句子的语序。13. 四十年来(1)，武汉杂技(2) 在继承了传统杂技技巧的基础上(3)，大胆吸收(4) 其它姊妹艺术之长(5)，运用多种艺术手段(6) 将布景、灯光、服装、道具、美术融为体，使杂技(7) 表演成为综合性的表演艺术(8)。For 40 years,based on traditional acrobatics techniques, Wuhan acrobatics has absorbed bravely the strong points of other sis

30、ter arts and mixed together scenery, lighting, costume and fine art by using all kinds of artistic methods to that the acrobatic performance becomes a comprehensive art of performance. 14. 凡外商投资企业有能力也愿意 与天津市工业企业 通过技术转让，引进人才、技术帮助、经济支持等途径 共同开发 国家统一经营以外的 制成品，特别是开发机电产品和精细化工产品，并通过外方的销售渠道 直接为外国公司提供制成品，可以向

31、市外经贸委申请扩大联合开发的业务。 Where an enterprise is willing and able to develop the finished products that are not subject to the unified operation by the State through joint efforts with the industrial enterprises in Tianjin, particularly in respect of machinery and electronic products and refined chemical pr

32、oducts, by means of technology transfer, introduction of technical personnel, technical assistance and economic support, and to provide for foreign companies the finished products through the sales channel of the foreign parties, they may apply to the Municipal Commission of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade for the expansion of joint development.四、 区分主从英语重形合，汉语重意合。翻译时应区分句子的主次：凡是为主的分句，即正句，用英语限定式动词结构来表达；从属的分句，即偏句，则可采用各种非限定式动词短语或介词短语来表达，或增加从属关联词或通过各种从句形式来处理。(1) 表示原因或条件的部分，一般应从属于表示结果的部分。15. 王冕见此