上海高考Summary如何写.docx

1、上海高考Summary如何写Summary如何写（I）说明文的summary我们以上海英语高二课本中的一篇文章为例TheProblemofPackaging第一段Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.Tounderstandwhythisistrue,thinkofthepackagingcommonlyusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.Thepackagingincludesnotonlythetubeforthetoot

2、hpaste,butalsotheboxforthetube.Thisboxisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboxesaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.第二段Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownaway.Thoughnecessary,landfillstakeupvaluablespace,oftenstink,andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproducti

3、onofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.第三段Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.In1991,Germanytooktheleadbyrequiringcompaniestorecyclethepackagingusedfortheirgoods.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecyclingbinsineveryneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirru

4、bbishintothreecategoriesmetal,plasticandpapercartons.Theythenputitintotheappropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedtoarecyclingcompanyforprocessing.第四段Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishhasbeguntoincreaseagain.Onereasonforthisisthatmanyconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausethe

5、ythinktheproblemissolved.Itseemsthattoproperlydealwiththeproblemofrubbish,everyonemustremainvigilantanddotheirpart.我们先来把每段的大意理一下：第一段的中心应该就是讲Alargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.后面的牙膏的情况只是举例说明咯。第二段呢？讲了两层意思，一层：垃圾进入填埋场后造成污染；二层：这些包装材料生产过程中，会产生对空气和水的污染。第三段：中心

6、句很清晰啊Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.后面的德国的事情也是举例子，政府啊，制造商啊，个人啊，采取什么措施来试图解决包装材料带来的污染问题。最后一段了：尽管德国的方法起到了一定的作用，但，又有些人开始神兜兜起来了。包装材料的污染仍是个大问题啊，我们不能放弃警惕。说明文概要模板a.现象揭示类：Thisarticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon-（主题),which.（补充解释）.b.利弊对比类：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benef

7、itsofAandB.AwhileBThepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.Onthepositiveside,butitmayalso.c.研究显示类：ThestudyrevealsthatThepurposeofthereportistoshowthatSummary:Thearticlepointsouttheproblemofpackaging.Aboutonethirdofrubbishresultsfromthepackagingmaterials,whichcausedamagetotheenvironmentduringtheirproduction

8、andafterendinginlandfills.Thoughtheprogramscarriedouttocombattheproblemaretemporarilysuccessful,theproblemremainsagreatconcern.(50words)Summary如何写（II）Adrivinggoalformostwebsitesisforthatsitetobeeasilyfoundbypeoplelookingfortheproductsorservices.Oneofthewayspeoplemayfindthesesitesisviaasearchengine.W

9、iththisinmind,companiesobviouslywanttheirwebsitestoappealtosearchenginesaswell.(第一段文字讲网站要让搜索引擎喜欢，那预测下，接下来的文字可能会是，该怎么让搜索引擎喜欢呢？有什么要注意的要素呢？)Firstofall,websitecontentshouldbeuniqueandtimely.（第一句话是主题句，网站内容要独特新颖且及时）Onlyqualitycontentensuresthatcustomerswillfrequentyourwebsiteandalsorecommendittofriendsvia

10、linksorthroughsocialchannels.Thisactofsharingnotonlygivesyoursitemorechancesofpublicexposurebutitalsohelpstopushupyoursearchenginerankings,whichextendshugepsychologicalimplicationtootherengineusersaspeopletendtofollowsuit.NowfamoussearchenginessuchasGoogleusemobilefriendlinessasarankingsignal（这个词出现了

11、，后面几段文字都是在讲搜索引擎会关注的rankingsignal啊，这个词在summary中必须出现啊）intheirrankingalgorithm(算法).Therefore,ifyoursiteisnotapplicableformobiledevices,youareofferingalessthanidealexperiencetosomeusersandinresultsearchengineswilltakethedisadvantageintoaccount.（这段文字的主要词眼是mobilefriendliness）AnotherkeyrankingsignalthatGoo

12、gleandothersearchenginesweighheavilyispagespeedandoverallsiteperformance.(又是主题句，关键词是pagespeed和overallsiteperformance)Ifyoursiteisloadedwithtoomanyhigh-resolutionimagesandvideosorotherelements,muchviewingtimewillbecaused.Thesewillmakesluggish,slowloadingthatfrustrateandoftendriveawayvisitors.Itstimet

13、oreducethepagesizeasallthevisitorsappreciatefasterdownload.Someareevenwillingtotradebettervisualexperiencesforhighviewingspeed.Asuserpreferencestandsontopofanysearchengineslistofpriority,searchengineswilllookveryfavorablyuponthespeedimprovementsofthewebsites.Inaddition,forahotwebsite,appropriateupda

14、tefrequencyisalsovital.(又是主题句，词眼是updatefrequency)Althoughthecontentiscurrentanduptodatewhenitisfirstlaunched,itwillsoonloseitsfreshnesswiththeexplosionofothervariousonlineresources.Ifthecontentonyourwebsiteshasappearedonothersitesbefore,yourwebsiteissoonerorlatertobedesertedbecauseofhumansnatureofha

15、vingalowboredomthreshold(门槛).Inturn,yourwebsitessearchrankingwilldropdrastically.Finally,dontlookdownoncustomerexperience.(主题句，关键词是customerexperience)Toooftenpeopleignorethebenefitsofcreatingaviewingexperiencethatisenjoyable.Whenassessingyourwebsitesuserfriendliness,understandthateaseofusecomesfirst

16、,butdonotdiscountthebenefitsofaddingabitofdelightintothatexperienceaswell.整理下思路：该文章主要讲了网站为了迎合搜索引擎，必须要考虑到搜索引擎的一些rankingsignals，分别是uniqueandtimelycontent,mobilefriendliness,pagespeedandsiteperformance,appropriateupdatefrequency和enjoyablecustomerexperience.Summary:Thisarticlefocusesonhowwebsitesmakethe

17、mselveseasilyaccessibletousersthroughsearchengines.Therankingsignalstobeconsideredincludeuniqueandtimelycontent,mobilefriendliness,pagespeedandsiteperformance,appropriateupdatefrequencyandenjoyablecustomerexperience.(41words)总结语言图式，内容图式，结构图式教师在讲解试卷的过程中，如果只是就题目而分析的话，可能就失去了很多好的机会让学生更立体的了解一段文字，往往我们更多地关

18、注文章的语言图式和内容图式，对结构图式避而不谈，这是“只见树木，不见森林”的做法。如果学生对文章的结构脉络了解清楚的话，对做完形，阅读题都是十分有帮助的，当然，写文章一样。summary很重要的一点就是要看出文章的结构。当然，该文章是说明文，本来结构就比较清楚。Summary如何写（III）-说明文OnEarth,theresnodoubtthattheyhavehighlydevelopedsensestostayaliveandthrive.Butwhilesomeoftheirfeaturesmaybecomparedtotaste,sight,touchandsmellinhumans

19、,haveyoueverwondered-canplantsthink?（这是整篇文章作者想要解决的问题）Onland,thecumulativemassofplantsis1000timeshigherthanthatofanimals.Buttheseplantsareimmobileandcantmovearoundintheirenvironment;whichis,seemingly,aprettybigevolutionarydisadvantage.Thishasforcedplantstoadaptinamazingwaysthatoftengounnoticedbythena

20、kedeye.Smellsomethingfunny?Plantsdotoo-andtheyreacttothesechemicalsintheair.Forexample,whenfruitsstarttoripen,theyreleaseachemicalcalledethylene.Andwhenneighboringfruitssensethispheromone,theyripenfaster,sothatallfruitsmatureatthesametime.Plantsalsogiveoffscentswhichattractinsectstospreadtheirpollen

21、.Inparticular,theamazingcarrionflowersgrowtinyhairs,feelwarmandsmelllikerottingfleshinanattempttomimicadeadcorpse.Thisistoattractfliesandbeetlesaspollinators.Ontheotherhand,whenaplantisattackedbyaninsect,animalorpathogen,itknows.Whenacaciatreesaregrazedbyanimals,theyquicklyreactbyproducingchemicalsc

22、alledtannins,whichmaketheirleavesunappetizingandtoughtodigest.Someevenproduceenoughtoxintokilltheanimal.Perhapsmoreimpressivearesomecornandcottonplants,whichwheneatenbycaterpillars,releasechemicalsintheairthatattractparasiticwasps,whoflyinandultimatelykilltheinsects.（以上这些文字讲植物会想方设法地解决他们遇到的一些问题。）Onso

23、melevel,theycommunicatewiththewasps.Crazyasitseems,evensoundrecordingsofcaterpillarschewingleaves,triggerthisresponse.Withoutanyfromoftouch,theplantsreact,asiftheycanhear.（这段文字讲了植物也会和周围环境中的物种交流感情！这也太神奇了点。）Onalargescale,plantsalsoworktogether.Awebofundergroundfungicanconnecttreerootsinforests,allowin

24、gthemtoexchangenutrientsandinformation.Usingradioactiveisotopes,scientistsdiscoveredthattreessharewaterandnutrientswithothersinneed.Largetreesnourishsmallershadedonesuntiltheyaretallenoughtoreachsunlight,Andtreesthatstaygreenallyearroundsharenutrientswithtreesthatlosetheirleavesinwinter,helpingthemt

25、hroughtheseason.Whichisthenrepaidinthesummermonths,likeatransactionalexchange.Somescientistrefertothisasthewood-wideweb.（这段文字讲了植物也懂得如何共生！合作！）Perhapsthemostshockingfact,isthatsomeplantsseemtohavememory.Mimosapedicabplants,arethoseleafyplantsthatcloseupwhentouched.Thisreflexismeanttoscareawayinsectsth

26、atlandonthem.Inanexperimentonthesereflexes,scientistsnoticethatwhendroppedfrom15cm，theywouldclosewhentheyhittheground,Notsosurprising.Butafterrepeatingthedrop4or5times,someoftheplantsstoppedclosing，asthoughtheyhadrealizedthestimuluswasntharmful.Iftheywereshakeninstead,theywouldclose,butanytimetheywe

27、redroppedfromthissameheight,theystayedopen.Thiseffectlastedforweeks-theplantshadmemories.（这段文字讲了植物也是有记忆的。“千万别招惹他们，哈哈哈”）Ofcourse,plantsdonthavebrainsorothercellsandorgansthatwedeemnecessaryforintelligence.Brainsandneuronsareirreplaceable,butplantsareimmobileandoftenattacked,sotheymustbeabletosurvivea

28、fterpartofthemiseaten,ordestroyed.Abrainjustwouldntwork.Butifyoumeasureintelligenceorthoughtastheabilitytosolveproblems,interactwithanenvironment,andevenworkingroups,thenplantsareincrediblysmart.（这段文字是总结，最后的一句尤其赞，基本概括好了前文所讲的内容，但有点搞不懂的是为什么对memory这两段文字视而不见呢？）Summary:Thisarticlefocusesonwhetherplantsar

29、esmart.Researchhasshownplantshaveintelligencebecausetheyarecapableofdealingwithproblemstheyencounter,communicatingwiththeenvironment,cooperatingwithotherplantsforsurvivalandthattheyhavememories.Thoughlackingbrainsorothercells,plantsareintelligent.(48words)Summary如何写？-写人记叙文（IV）【P1】(Introduction)Thete

30、acherwhodidthemosttoencouragemewas,asithappened,myaunt.ShewasMyrtleC.Manigault,thewifeofmymothersbrotherBill.Shetaughtinsecondgradeatall-blackSummerSchoolinCamden,NewJersey.（第一段文字简单介绍文章主角和作者的关系。然后我同学问，summary该用第几人称写，应该是第三人称吧。）【P2】Duringmychildhoodandyouth,AuntMyrtleencouragedmetodevelopeveryaspectof

31、mypotential,(dominantimpression)withoutregardforwhatwasconsideredpracticalorpossibleforblackfemales.(supportingdetails1)Ilikedtosing;shelistenedtomyvoiceandpronounceditgood.Icouldntdance;shetaughtmethebasicdancingsteps.Shetookmetothetheatre,notjustchildrenstheatrebutadultcomediesanddramasandherfaith

32、thatIcouldappreciateadultplayswasnotdisappointed.（这段文字的第一句话是很重要的，是文章猪脚的dominantimpression,应该也是写summary时可以用的到的。之后，就是具体的支持细节1，提到了作者唱歌，跳舞，看喜剧的培养，如果提炼一下，应该就是指对作者在艺术art方面的培养。）【P3】(supportingdetails2)Myauntalsotookdownbooksfromherextensivelibraryandsharedthemwithme.Ihadbooksathome,buttheywereallseriousclassics.EvenasachildIhadastronglikingforhumor,andIllneverforgetthejoyofdiscoveringDonMarquissArchy&Mehitabelthroughher.（这段是第二个支持细节，提到了对作者在文学阅读方面的影响，literarypursuit方面的影响。）【P4】(supportingdetails3)Mostimportant,perhaps,AuntMyrtleprovidedmyfirstop