新版小升初备考指南英语语法.docx

1、新版小升初备考指南英语语法2019-2020年小升初备考指南-英语语法-英语语法一、 2013小升初英语语法知识要点讲解汇总2013小升初英语语法知识要点：动词的分类一、动词的分类类别特点意义举例实义动词 (vt. vi。)及物动词跟宾语须跟宾语一起才能表达完整的意思I have a book.。不及物动词不能直接接宾语能独立作谓语She always comes late。系动词(link-v)跟表语不能独立做谓语，跟表语构成完整意思I am a student。助动词(aux. v。)跟动词原形或分词(无词汇意义)不能独立做谓语，跟主要动词构成谓语，表示疑问，否定及各种时态He doesn

2、t speak Chinese。I am watching TV。情态动词 (mod. v。)跟动词原形(有自己的词汇意思)不能独立做谓语。表示说话人语气、情态，无人称和数的变化We can do it by ourselves。That would be better。第二方面：短语动词，短语动词是由一些动词和其它词构成短语，表达一个完整的意思。其构成方式如下。构成方式举例动词+介词Look at, look after动词+副词Give up, put into动词+副词+介词Catch up with, look down upon动词+名词+介词Take care of, pay at

3、tention toBe+形容词+介词Be proud of, be afraid of复杂结构Make up ones mind, wind ones way第三方面：按动词的形式可以分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。1、 谓语动词形式意义举例人称与主语在人称一致I am reading now. 第一人称数与主语在数上一致He writes well. 第三人称单数时态表示动作发生的时间He wrote a letter to me last month. 过去时态语态主语是动作的发生者或者承受者We study English。主动The road was filled with rubbish

4、. 被动语气说话人表达事实、要求、愿望等He has flown to America. 事实I wish I could fly to the moon some day. 愿望2、 非谓语动词形式意义用途举例不定式起形容词和名词作用可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语It takes me 20 minutes to go to school。动名词起名词作用作主语和宾语She likes reading。分词现在分词起形容词、副词作用，表主动作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语The cup is broken过去分词起形容词、副词作用，表被动The steam is seen rising fr

5、om the wet clothes。2013小升初英语语法知识要点：名词的数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。这和汉语不同，比如，在汉语中，我们说一个苹果，那就是一个苹果，没什么特殊变化。你要说三个苹果，只需把“一”换成“三”就可以了。而在英语中，一个苹果是one apple，三个苹果是 three apples，不仅数量词变化了，名词也有相应的变化。下面我们就将名词变复数的规则分为规则变化和不规则变化。第一部分：规则变化情况构成法读音例词一般情况(包括以e结尾的名词)加-s-s在清辅音ptk f后读Cups, cats, cakes, roofs, flags, keys, faces在浊辅音

6、和元音后读z口诀：清清浊浊元浊以s, x, ch, sh结尾加-esClasses, boxes, watches, brushes以辅音+y结尾变y为i，加es读zCities, countries, studies以元音+y结尾加-s读zBoys, rays, days有人还把以下两个加入了名词有规则变复数的行列：情况构成法读音例词以o 结尾加-es读zHeroes, tomatoes, potatoes, Negroes加-s读zBamboos, radios, zoos, photos, pianos以f, fe结尾变f, fe为v，再加-es读vzLeaf-leavesLife-li

7、vesWife-wivesThief-thievesHalf-halvesKnife-knivesWolf-wolvesSelf-selvesLoaf-loaves加-s读Roofs, proofs, chiefs, beliefs, gulfs第二部分：不规则变化我们经常会看到有些名词变复数时并没有遵循上述规则。这就是名词的不规则变化。还有一些名词，单复数是同一个形式的。不过，我们还是可以通过一些比较，发现其中的一些奥妙。以下我将为大家讲讲名词的不规则变化。一、有些名词中保存了英语中古旧的复数形式，如：man-men woman-womentooth-teeth foot-feetchild

8、-children goose-geesemouse-mice ox-oxen二、有些是外来词，仍保有原来的复数形式，如：Phenomenon-phenomena(现象)Formula-formulae(公式)Thesis-theses(论文)Basis-bases(基础)Analysis-analyses(分析)Criterion-criteria(标准)Crisis-crises(危机)Appendix-appendices(附录)三、部分单词的复数形式不变。例：fishfish; sheepsheep; cattlecattle; deerdeer; salmonsalmon, mean

9、smeans四、compound nouns，这类复数词是以主要的名词来表示例：daughter-in-lawdaughters-in-law 媳妇; father-in-lawfathers-in-law岳父man-of-warmen-of-war兵舰; maid-servantmaid-servantsstep-sonstep-sons晚子; son-in-lawsons-in-law。但是，也有些合成名词，特别是由man和woman构成的合成名词，里面所含的成分，全都要变为复数，如：Man-servant-men-servants，woman doctor-women doctors等五

10、、有些名词经常是带着-s词尾的，但通常都作单数看待，如：Phonetics(语音学)，physics(物理学)，optics(光学)，politics(政治)，news(新闻)等。六、另一些名词则以复数词出现的机会较多例：bellows风箱; clothes; police; shorts短裤; scissors剪刀; spectacles眼镜; shears大剪刀，trousers长裤，wages工资，belongings所有物， surroundings环境，savings储蓄，findings调查结果，arms武器，clothes衣服，stairs楼梯，等七、另外还有一些名词，其复数形式

11、有时可表示特别意思，例：goods货物，waters水域，fishes(各种)鱼，papers文件，证件，greens青菜，manners礼貌，ruins废墟，troops军队，looks外貌，times时代，等第三部分：不可数名词的计量方法(1)一般用“数字+of+计量单位+名词”表示，(注意：当数字大于一时，表示计量单位的名词可以有复数形式)。如：a piece of news 一则新闻 a piece of meat 一块肉 a glass of wine一杯酒 two bowls of rice 两碗米 a sum of money 一笔钱 five bags of flour 一袋面

12、粉 a drop of water 一滴水 three bottles of milk 三瓶牛奶 two pieces of advice 两条建议(2)用much/some/ a little/ little/ a lot of/ plenty of+不可数名词练习题：1、 All the people at the conference are _。a. mathematic teachers c. mathematics teacherb. mathematics teachers d. mathematics teachers (C)2、All the _ in the hospita

13、l got a rise last month。a. women doctors c. woman doctorsb. women doctor d. woman doctor (a)3、-Are there any _ on the farm?-Yes, there are some。A. horse B. duck C. chicken D. sheep (D)4、- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ?- Certainly。A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of waterC.

14、some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters (B)5、Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday。A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear (B)6、There is some _ on the plate。A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears (B)7、The little baby has two _ already。A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths (C)8、We need some mor

15、e_. Can you go and get some, please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe (C)9、Please remember to give the horse some tree_。A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave (B)10、He gave us_ on how to keep fit。A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice (B)11、Please pass me _。A. two glass of wa

16、ter B. two glasses of watersC. two glasses of water D. two glass water (C)12、There are a lot of _ down there but hardly any _。A. sheeps, people B.sheep, people C. sheeps, peoples D. sheep, peoples (B)13、This table is made of _。A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass (D)14、_ can get a bette

17、r view of the game than the participants。A. Looker-on B. Lookers-on C. Looker-ons D. Lookers-ons (B)15、Some _ are flying kites near the river。A. child B. boy C. boys D. childs (C)16、Mr. Smith always has _ to tell us。A. some good pieces of news B. some pieces of good newsC. some good piece of news D.

18、 some piece of good news (B)17、Twelve _ were hurt, but no _ were lost in that accident。A. person; life B. people; lives C. peoples; lives D. persons; life (B)18、In the view of the foreign experts, there wasnt _ oil here。A. much B. lots of C. a great deal of D. many (A)19、The police investigated thos

19、e _ about the accident。A. stander-by C. standers-byB. stander-bys D. standers-bys (B)20、Generally there are _ television programs for children on Saturday。A. little B. much C. a large number of D. a large amount of (C)2013小升初英语语法知识要点：动词不定式分类1、动词+ 不定式afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, be, deci

20、de, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertakeThe driver failed to see the other car in time.司机没能及时看见另一辆车

21、。I happen to know the answer to your question.我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。2) 动词+不定式;动词+宾语+不定式ask, beg, choose, expect, hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wishI like to keep everything tidy.我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。I like you to keep everything tidy.我喜欢你使每件东西都保持整洁。I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈

22、话。I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。3) 动词+疑问词+ todecide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tellPlease show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy。有这么多的录

23、音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。注意疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。如：The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。2. 不定式作补语1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, compel, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, impel, induce, in

24、form, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warna. Father will not allow us to play on the street.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。b. We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。Find 的特殊用法Find

25、后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。I found him lying on the ground。I found it important to learn。I found that to learn English is important。The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead.A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying答案：A. find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进

26、行，过去分词表达被动。2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称)， discover, fancy(设想)， feel, find,guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解)， show, suppose, take(以为)， understandWe consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。典型例题Charles Babbage is

27、 generally considered_ the first computer.A. to inventB. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。3) to be +形容词seen, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reporte

28、d, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, meanThe book is believed to be uninteresting.人们认为这本书没什么意思。4) there be+不定式believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, understandWe didnt expect there to be so many people there. 我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。注意有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take,

29、 consider。We regard Tom as our best teacher.我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father .玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。3. 不定式作主语1) Its easy (for me) to do that. 我做这事太容易了。easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enoughIts so nice to hear your voice.听到你的声音真高兴。Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。2) Its very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。kind, nice, stupid