公共事业管理专业英语42520部分中文翻译.docx

1、公共事业管理专业英语42520部分中文翻译2.2 The Essence of Classics in Public Administration2.2.1 The Study of Administration 公共行政研究EssenceNecessity 必要性I suppose that no practical science is ever studied where there is no need to know it.我认为决没有任何一门实用科学，当还没有了解它的必要时，会有人对它进行研究。Administration is the most obvious part of g

2、overnment; it is government in action; it is the executive, the operative, the most visible side of government, and is of course as old as government itself.行政是政府最明显的部分，它是行动中的政府；它是政府的执行者，是政府的操作者，是政府的最显著的方面，当然，它的历史也和政府一样悠久。 No one wrote systematically of administration as a branch of the science of g

3、overnment until the present century had passed its first youth and had begun to put forth its characteristic flower of systematic knowledge.在本世纪度过它最初的青春年华，并开始吐放它在系统知识方面独特的花朵之前，谁也没有从作为政府科学的一个分支的角度来系统地拟定过行政学著作。The functions of government are every day becoming more complex and difficult.The idea of th

4、e state and the consequent ideal of its duty are undergoing noteworthy change; and “the idea of the state is the conscience of administration”. Seeing every day new things which the state ought to do, the next thing is to see clearly how it ought to do them.政府的职能在逐日变得更加复杂和更加艰难。关于国家以及随之而来的关于国家职责的观念正在

5、发生引人注目的变化，而“关于国家的观念正是行政管理的灵魂”。当你了解国家每天应该作的新事情之后，紧接着就应该了解国家应该如何去做这些事情。 The question was always: Who shall make law, and what shall that law be? The other question, how law should be administered with enlightenment, with equity, with speed, and without friction, was put aside as “practical detail” whi

6、ch clerks could arrange after doctors had agreed upon principles.It is getting to be harder to run a constitution than to frame one.经常出现的问题是：由谁制定法律以及制定什么法律？另一个问题是如何有启发性的、公平的、迅速而又没有摩擦地实施法律。这一问题被看做是“实际工作中的细节问题”，在专家学者们就理论原则取得一致意见后由办事人员进行处理。与制定一部宪法相比较，“贯彻”一部宪法变得愈来愈困难了。This is why there should be a scien

7、ce of administration which shall seek to straighten the paths of government, to make its business less unbusinesslike, to strengthen and purify its organization, and to crown its dutifulness. This is one reason why there is such a science.这就是为什么应该有一门行政科学的原因，它将力求使政府不走弯路，使政府专心处理公务减少闲杂事务，加强和纯洁政府的组织机构，为

8、政府的尽职尽责带来美誉。这就是为什么会有这一门科学的原因之一。Object & tasks 目标与任务It is the object of administrative study to discover, first, what government can properly and successfully do, and, secondly, how it can do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost either of money or of

9、energy. On both these points there is obviously much need of light among us; and only careful study can supply that light. 行政学研究的目标，在于首先要弄清楚政府能够适当而且成功地承担的是什么任务，其次要弄清楚政府怎样才能够以尽可能高的效率和尽可能 少的金钱或人力上的消耗来完成这些专门的任务。在这个问题上，我们当中显然需要求得更多的启示；然后只有通过仔细的研究才能提供这种启示。Relationship with politics 与政治的关系The science of a

10、dministration is the latest fruit of that study of the science of politics which was begun some twenty-two hundred years ago. It is a birth of our century, almost of our own generation.行政科学是政治科学的最新成果。政治科学是大约两千二百年前就开始了的一门学问。行政科学是我们本世纪的产物，并且几乎是我们这一代的产物。Administrative questions are not political questi

11、ons. Although politics sets the tasks for administration, it should not be suffered to manipulate its offices.行政管理的问题并不是政治问题，虽然行政管理的任务是由政治加以确定的，但政治却无需自找麻烦地去操纵行政管理机构。Politics is state activity, in things great and universal. Administration is the activity of the state in individual and small things.

12、Politics is thus the special province of the statesman, administration of the technical official. “Policy does nothing without the aid of administration”, but administration is not therefore politics.政治是“在重大而且带普遍性的事项”方面的国家活动，行政管理是国家在个别和细微事项方面的活动。因此，政治是政治家的特殊活动范围，而行政管理则是技术性职员的事情。“政策如果没有行政管理的帮助就将一事无成”

13、，但行政管理并不因此就是政治。 The field of administration is a field of business. It is removed from the hurry and strife of politics; it at most points stands apart even from the debatable ground of constitutional study. It is a part of political life only as the methods of the counting house are a part of the l

14、ife of society; only as machinery is part of the manufactured product. 行政管理的领域是一种事务性的领域。它与政治领域的那种混乱和冲突相距甚远。在大多数问题上，它甚至与宪法研究方面那种争议甚多的场面也迥然不同。行政管理作为政治生活的一个组成部分，仅在这一点上与企业办公室所采用的工作方法是社会生活的一部分以及机器是制造品的一部分是一样的。 Methodology 方法论To determine just what are the best methods by which to develop it. Why should w

15、e not use such parts of foreign contrivances as we want, if they be in any way serviceable? 要准确地断定什么是发展这一研究工作的最佳方法。如果有以某种方式存在着我们可以利用的外国的发明创造，那我们为什么不加以利用呢？We are in no danger of using them in a foreign way. We borrowed rice, but we do not eat it with chopsticks. We borrowed our whole political langua

16、ge from England, but we leave the words “king” and “lords” out of it. 我们以一种外来的方式应用它们是不会有危险的。我们引进了大米，但我们却不用筷子吃饭。我们的全部政治词汇都是从英国引进的，但我们却从中淘汰了“国王”和“贵族”。Personnel administration 人事行政The question for us is, how shall our series of governments within governments be so administered that it shall always be t

17、o the interest of the public officer to serve, not his superior alone but the community also, with the best efforts of his talents and the soberest service of his conscience. 使政府官员所经常感兴趣的是用他的才智作最大的努力，用他的良心作最认真的服务，不仅仅是替他的上级效劳，而同时要为群体尽力。How shall such service be made to his commonest interest by contr

18、ibuting abundantly to his sustenance to his dearest interest by furthering his ambition, and to his highest interest by advancing his honor and establishing his character?通过给予政府官员大量生活费用补助来使这种服务引起他最普遍的兴趣；通过发展他的前程使这种服务成为他最珍视的兴趣；通过提高他的营养和培养他的性格使之成为他最崇高的兴趣。The ideal for us is a civil service cultured an

19、d self-sufficient enough to act with sense and vigor, and yet so intimately connected with the popular thought, by means of elections and constant public counsel, as to find arbitrariness of class spirit quite out of the question.在美国展开行政学研究，其目的在于找到最佳方法以建立下面这样一种文官班子，他们受过足够的教育，具有充分的自信精神，工作起来既有见识又有分量，但

20、通过选举和经常性的向公众进行咨询，与公民的思想保持如此密切的联系，以至使专断成为不可能的事情。Supervision 监督What part shall public opinion take in the conduct of administration? The right answer seems to be, that public opinion shall play the part of authoritative critic.在行政管理活动当中，群众舆论将起什么作用？准确的答案似乎是：公共舆论将起权威性评判家的作用。But as superintending the gre

21、ater forces of formative policy alike in politics and administration, public criticism is altogether safe and beneficent altogether indispensable. 无论是在政治还是在行政方面，为了对制定基本政策的更为巨大的力量进行监督，公众的批评是完全安全而且有益的，是完全不可缺少的。Let administrative study find the best means for giving public criticism this control and fo

22、r shutting it out from all other interference. 应该让行政学之研究去发现一些最佳方法，这些方法能够给予公众舆论以上述这种控制监督的权力，但却使之与一切其他的干扰活动分家。2.2.2 Politics and Administration 政治与行政EssenceThere are two functions of the government. These two functions of government may for purposes of convenience be designed respectively as Politics

23、and Administration. Politics has to do with policies or expressions of the state will. Administration has to do with the execution of these policies.为了方便起见，政府的两种职能可以分别称作“政治”与“行政”。政治与政策或国家意志的表达相关，行政则与这些政策的执行相关。There are, then, in all governmental systems two primary or ultimate functions of governmen

24、t, viz (namely), the expression of the will of the state and the execution of that will. 因此，在所有的政府体制中都存在着两种主要的或基本的政府职能，即国家意志的表达职能和国家意志的执行职能。There are also in all states separate organs, each of which is mainly busied with the discharge of one of these functions. These functions are, respectively, Po

25、litics and Administration.在所有的国家中都存在着分立的机关，每个分立的机关都用它们的大部分时间行使着两种职能中的一种。这两种职能分别就是：政治与行政。 2.2.3 The Principles of Scientific Management 科学管理原理EssenceIntroduction 前言President Roosevelt in his address to the Governors at the White House, prophetically remarked that The conservation of our national reso

26、urces is only preliminary to the larger question of national efficiency. 罗斯福总统在白宫向各州长讲话时曾预言：“保护我们国家的资源，只是提高全国性效率这一重大问题的前奏。”The whole country at once recognized the importance of conserving our material resources and a large movement has been started which will be effective in accomplishing this obje

27、ct. As yet, however, we have but vaguely appreciated the importance of the larger question of increasing our national efficiency.整个美国很快认识到保护物质资源的重要意义，并开展了有效实现这一目标的大规模运动。但直到现在，美国人对“提高全国性效率这一重大问题”重要性的认识，依然模糊不清。We can see our forests vanishing, our water-powers going to waste, our soil being carried by

28、 floods into the sea; and the end of our coal and our iron is in sight. But our larger wastes of human effort, which go on every day through such of our acts as are blundering, ill-directed, or inefficient, and which Mr. Roosevelt refers to as a, lack of national efficiency, are less visible, less t

29、angible, and are but vaguely appreciated.我们可以看到，我们的森林在消失，我们的水力资源在浪费掉，我们的土壤在被洪水冲刷到大海里去，我们的煤和铁在日渐枯竭。但是，由于我们的重大失误、指挥不当或工作效率低下造成的日复一日的人力资源上的更大浪费，不正是罗斯福总统所指的“全国性效率”不足吗？人们对这方面的浪费却视而不见，或即使看见了也模糊不清。This paper has been written:First. To point out, through a series of simple illustrations, the great loss whic

30、h the whole country is suffering through inefficiency in almost all of our daily acts.撰写本文有以下目的：第一，通过一系列简明的例证，指出由于我们几乎所有日常行为的效率低下而使全美国遭受到的巨大损失。Second. To try to convince the reader that the remedy for this inefficiency lies in systematic management, rather than in searching for some unusual or extra

31、ordinary man.第二，试图说明根治效率低下的良药在于系统化的管理，而不在于收罗某些独特的或不同寻常的人物。Third. To prove that the best management is a true science, resting upon clearly defined laws, rules, and principles, as a foundation. And further to show that the fundamental principles of scientific management are applicable to all kinds of

32、 human activities, from our simplest individual acts to the work of our great corporations, which call for the most elaborate cooperation. And, briefly, through a series of illustrations, to convince the reader that whenever these principles are correctly applied, results must follow which are truly astounding. 第三，证明最先进的管理是真正的科学，说明其理论基础是明确定义的规律、准则和原则，并进一步表明可把科学管理原理应用于几乎所有人类的活动中去。从最简单的个人行为到我们那些需要紧密合作的大型公司的活动，都可以找到其应用。简而言之，通过一系列实例，让读者相信，无论何时，只要正确地运用这些原理，就能立竿见影，其成效着实令人震惊。This paper was originally prepared for pre