高中英语语法精讲精练易错题解析精讲第5章动词不定式.docx

1、高中英语语法精讲精练易错题解析精讲第5章动词不定式高中英语语法精讲第五章动词不定式 动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,在句中不能单独作谓语。动词不定式具有动词的性质,它可以有自己的宾语和状语,从而构成动词不定式短语。它还可以有形式的变化,即一般式、进行式、完成式和被动式。同时,动词不定式也具有非动词的性质,相当于一个名词、形容词或副词,可以在句中担任主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语和状语。一、动词不定式的特征和种类 动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成,在某些情况下to也可省略。A不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或是在它之后发生。 He

2、appears to be very happy.他看起来好像很高兴。（同时发生） To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi.为了赶上火车,我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。（to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后）B不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 It happened to be raining when I got there.我到达那里的时候,天碰巧在下雨。 Im glad to be traveling with you.我

3、很高兴和你一起旅游。C不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。 Im sorry to have lost your key.我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。 I meant to have finished my work last night, but I didnt feel very well.我本来想昨晚完成工作的,但是我感觉身体不舒服。 It has been an honor for me to have been invited to your country.对我来说,被邀请来你们国家是一件很荣幸的事情。D不定式的完成进行式 不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在

4、谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。 He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。 Im sorry to have been interrupting you.很抱歉,我一直打扰你。 比较: 不定式的时态意义。 He is said to be studying abroad.据说他正在国外读书。（不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行） He is said to have studied abroad.据说他在国外学习过。（不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束）E不定式的被动形式 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不

5、定式表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系,有一般式和完成时两种。 1一般式to be done These are the books to be given out to the students.这些是要发给学生的书。 He asked to be sent to the place where he was most needed.他要求被派往最需要他的地方。 2完成式to have been done The novel is said to have been translated into many languages.据说这

6、部小说已被译成多种语言。 He appeared to have been questioned for many times.看起来他已经被询问过很多次了。F.不定式的否定形式 不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。 We decided not to go out because of the bad weather.由于天气不好,我们决定不出去。 Never to have made any mistake is impossible.从不犯错是不可能的。 注意:谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义 I did not promise to wake him up.我没有答

7、应叫醒他。 I promised not to wake him up.我答应了不叫醒他。二、动词不定式的用法 动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外,几乎能担任句子中所有的句子成分。 A动词不定式作主语 不定式具有名词的特征,可在句子中充当主语。 1不定式短语在句首作主语 To know oneself is difficult.人贵有自知之明。 To say is one thing and to do is another.说是一回事,做又是另一回事。 To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.爱与被爱是一个人能获

8、得的最大幸福。 2用it作形式主语 在很多情况下,人们通常用it作为形式上的主语,而把不定式移到谓语之后,使句子结构显得平稳一些。 Its rude to turn your back to your teacher and refuse to answer.背对着老师,拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的。 It is impossible to learn a foreign language without making painstaking effort.想不下苦功就能学会外语是不可能的。 It seemed a pity to have wasted so much time.浪费了这么多时间,

9、真是遗憾。 注意: 当主语和表语都是不定式时,不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。 To respect others is to be respected.尊重别人就是尊重自己。 To become a slave is to give up ones freedom.做奴隶就等于放弃自由。 B动词不定式作表语 不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。 His wish is to become an astronaut. 他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。 What he hoped was to be admitted into the university.他希望能被大学录取。 To live

10、 is to do something worthwhile.活着就是要做一些有价值的事情。 注意: 有些作表语的不定式,在结构上是主动的,但在意义上却是被动的。 She is to blame.她应该受到责备。 The house is to let.此房出租。 The result is not long to see.结果不久就会看到。 C动词不定式作宾语 不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语,也可以充当but和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。 1作动词的宾语 不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。 Father likes to listen to music in silence.

11、 父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。 He prefers to be starved to death rather than beg. 他宁愿饿死也不愿乞讨。 I never thought to meet you here.我没想到在这里遇见你。 必背: 可接不定式作宾语的动词有: afford负担得起 agree同意 aim以为目标 ask要求 attempt尝试 begin开始 care喜爱 choose决定 continue继续 decide决定 desire要求 determine决心 expect期待 fail不能 forget忘记 hate不愿 hope希望 intend打算 manag

12、e设法 mean打算 offer表示愿意 plan计划 prefer宁愿 pretend假装 promise答应 refuse拒绝 remember记起 try努力 want想要 wish希望 在feel, find, make, think, consider等动词后,如果宾语带有宾语补足语时,人们常常用it作形式宾语,而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。 I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer.我发现有可能不用计算机而解出这道题目。 She made it a rule to get up at five.她

13、养成了五点起床的习惯。 I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students.我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。 在表示“希望、打算”等动词（如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等）的过去式后,可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。 I intended to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so.我原想来拜访你的,但没来成。 I expected to

14、have met him here last night.我以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他。（但没做到） We meant to have stayed there a week.我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。 I wanted to have dropped her a line, but forgot to do so.我原想写一封信给她,但忘记了。提示: 表示“原打算、原以为”还可以用这类动词的过去完成时来表达。 I had intended to call on you.我原想来拜访你的。 I had expected to meet him here last night.我原以为昨天晚

15、上能在这里见到他的。 We had meant to stay there a week.我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。 2作介词的宾语 不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。 The teacher made no comments except to tell him to work hard.老师除了叫他努力学习外,未做任何评价。 He had no choice but to sit there as usual. 他没有什么选择,只好像往常一样坐在那儿。 There is nothing we can do but wait patiently. 我们只能耐心等待。 3作形容词

16、的宾语 不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型,一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语,另一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。这类形容词有able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surpris

17、ed, willing等。 I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse. 很遗憾,他的情况每况愈下 She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town.她不满足在一个小镇里过默默无闻的生活。 John was happy to be given the job.约翰得到这份工作很高兴。 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。这类形容词有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossibl

18、e, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。 This problem is easy to solve.这个问题很容易解决。 The water is not fit to drink.这水不适于饮用。 She is hard to get along with.她这个人很难相处。 注意:在这种结构中,如果不定式是不及物动词,则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。 The river is dangerous to swim in.在这条河里游泳很危险。 A spring mattress is comfortable to s

19、leep on.席梦思床垫睡上去很舒服。 D动词不定式作宾语补足语 不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型中,宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。 1在表示感觉的动词后作宾语补足语,并且不定式都不带to。这类动词有:see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。 I heard them sing yesterday.昨天我听见他们唱歌了。 Did you see him go out你看见他出去了吗？ I felt something crawl up my leg.我感到有什么东西爬到

20、我腿上了。 注意:转为被动语态时,原不带to的不定式要变成带to的不定式。notice和watch没有被动语态。 We saw the car stop.n The car was seen to stop.我们看见这辆车停了下来。n 2在使役动词后作宾语补足语,不定式不带to。 这类动词有:make, let, have等。转为被动语态时,其后通常都用带to的不定式（have没有被动语态）。 有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to,这些动词有: 一感二听三让四观看。 一感:feel 二听:hear, listen to 三让:let, have, make 四观看:observe, see

21、, watch., look at What would you have me do你要我做什么？ She made him give up smoking.她让他戒了烟。 Let him do whatever he wishes to do.他想干什么就让他干吧。 Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 虽然经常是他弄哭小妹妹,但今天他却被小妹妹弄哭了。 3在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有:consider, think, b

22、elieve, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是“to be+形容词或名词”结构,think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。 We consider him (to be) a good teacher.我们认为他是一个好老师。 He proved that theory (to be) very important. 他证明那个理论是很重要的。 I thought her (to be) nice and honest the first time I met her.我第一次见到

23、她的时候就认为她人很好,很诚实。 4在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有:love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。 Id prefer you to leave him alone.我希望你不要打扰他。 I dont want there to be any trouble.我不想有任何麻烦。 5动词advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request

24、, order, warn, cause等后面,多接不定式短语作宾语补足语。 We dont allow such things to happen again. 我们不容许这种事情再发生。 Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke.大多数父母都同意禁止自己的孩子抽烟。 She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.她请我在她不在的时候接电话。 Please remind me to leave her this note.请提醒我留给她这张纸条。 She reque

25、sted him to go with her.她邀请他一同去。 注意:hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。 【误】I hope you to give me a hand. 【正】I hope you can give me a hand.我希望你能帮我一把。 【正】I wish you to give me a hand.我希望你能帮我一把。 【误】He demanded me to be present at the meeting. 【正】He demanded that we should be present at the meeting.

26、他要求我们出席会议。 【正】He required us to be present at the meeting.他要求我们出席会议。 【误】Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone. 【正】Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone.李先生建议她不要独自去那里。 6动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。 Im waiting for James to arrive.我正等着詹姆斯的到来。 Hes arranged for a car to pick them up at the stat

27、ion.他已安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。 The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire.联合国号召交战双方遵守停火协定。 必背: 这些带介词的短语动词有: call on号召 arrange for 安排 long for盼望 wait for等待 depend on 依靠 rely on 指望E动词不定式作定语 不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后,和被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系和修饰关系。 1主谓关系 The future to greet us will be bright.我们的未来会十分

28、美好的。 He is always the first person to come and the last one to leave. 他总是第一个来最后一个离开。 The next train to arrive was from New York.下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。 2动宾关系 On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write.星期天,他总是有许多信要写 The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve.老师给我们留了许多道题要解答。 He can find no one t

29、o make friends with.他找不到可交朋友的人。 注意:由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系,因此,如果该不定式是不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。 She has a child to take care of.她有一个孩子要照看。 There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。 He has no friend to depend on.他没有可依靠的朋友。 Ive got a lot of things to see to this morning. 今天上午我有许多事情要处理。 3同位关系 He broke his promise

30、 to write to his parents regularly.他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。 We students should have the courage to face any difficulty.我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。 I have no wish to quarrel with you.我不想和你吵架。 4修饰关系 Now it is time to begin our class.现在是上课的时间了。 I need somewhere to take a nap.我需要一个地方打个盹。 Is that the way to open the can那就

31、是打开罐头的方法吗？ F动词不定式作状语 不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。 1表示目的 Im saving up to buy a computer.我在存钱买电脑。 To save the child, he laid down his life.为了救那个孩子,他献出了生命。 注意:有时为了强调或突出这种目的,也可以用in order (not) to do,和so as (not) to do结构（so as to do不可以置于句首）。 He shouted and waved in order to be noticed.为了吸引注意,他又嚷嚷又挥手。 Ill write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.我要把他的电话号码记下来,以防忘记。 2表示结果 He got to the station only to find the train had gone.他赶到车站,发现火车已经开走了。 What have I said to