英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释英文版.docx

1、英语诗歌鉴赏及名词解释英文版The Basic Elements of Appreciating English Poetry1.What is poetry? Poetry is the expression of Impassioned feeling in language. “Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility.” “Poetry, in a general sense, may be de

2、fined to be the expression of the imagination.” Poetry is the rhythmical creation of beauty. Poetry is the image of man and nature. “诗言志，歌咏言。” -虞书 “诗言志之所以也。在心为志，发言为诗。情动于中而行于言，言之不足，则嗟叹之；嗟叹之不足，故咏歌之；咏歌之不足，不知手之舞之，足之蹈之也。情发于声；声成文，谓之音。” -诗大序 “诗是由诗人对外界所引起的感觉，注入了思想与情感，而凝结了形象，终于被表现出来的一种完成的艺术。” -艾青：诗论2.The Sou

3、nd System of English Poetrya. The prosodic features Prosody (韵律)-the study of the rhythm, pause, tempo, stress and pitch features of a language. Chinese poetry is syllable-timed, English poetry is stress-timed. Stress: The prosody of English poetry is realized by stress. One stressed syllable always

4、 comes together with one or more unstressed syllables. eg. Tiger, /tiger, /burning /bright In the /forest /of the/ night, What im/mortal /hand or /eye Could frame thy/ fearful /symme/try? -W. BlakeLength: it can produce some rhetorical and artistic effect. eg. The curfew tolls the knell of parting d

5、ay, The lowing herd wind slowly oer the lea, The Ploughman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me. -Thomas GrayLong vowels and diphthongs make the poem slow, emotional and solemn; short vowels quick, passionate, tense and exciting.Pause: it serves for the rhythm and

6、 musicality of poetry.b. Meter or measure (格律) poem-stanza/strophe-line/verse-foot-arsis + thesis; Meter or measure refers to the formation way of stressed and unstressed syllables.Four common meters: a) Iambus; the iambic foot (抑扬格) eg. She walks/ in beau/ty, like/ the night Of cloud /less climes/

7、and star/ry skies; And all/ thats best /of dark/ and bright Meet in /her as /pect and /her eyes. -Byronb) Trochee; the trochaic foot（扬抑格） eg. Never /seek to/ tell thy/ love, Love that/ never/ told can/ be. -Blakec) Dactyl; the dactylic foot （扬抑抑格） eg. Cannon to/ right of them, Cannon to/ left of the

8、m. Cannon in/ front of them, Volleyd and/ thunderd. -Tennysond) Anapaest; the anapestic foot（抑抑扬格） eg. Break,/ break, /break, On thy cold /grey stones,/ O sea! And I would /that my tongue/ could utter The thought/ that arise /in me. -Tennyson c) Other meters Amphibrach, the amphibrachic foot (抑扬抑格)；

9、 Spondee, the spondaic foot(扬扬格)； Pyrrhic, the pyrrhic foot (抑抑格)；d) Actalectic foot (完整音步) and Cactalectic foot（不完整音步） eg. Rich the / treasure, Sweet the / pleasure. (actalectic foot) Tiger,/ tiger, /burning /bright, In the/ forest/ of the/ night. (cactalectic foot ) e) Types of foot monometer(一音步)

10、 dimeter（二音步） trimeter（三音步） tetrameter（四音步） pentameter（五音步） hexameter（六音步） heptameter（七音步） octameter（八音步） We have iambic monometer, trochaic tetrameter, iambic pentameter, anapaestic trimeter, etc., when the number of foot and meter are taken together in a poem.C. Rhyme When two or more words or phr

11、ases contain an identical or similar vowel sound, usually stressed, and the consonant sounds that follow the vowel sound are identical and preceded by different consonants, a rhyme occurs. It can roughly be divided into two types: internal rhyme and end rhymeInternal rhyme a) alliteration: the repet

12、ition of initial identical consonant sounds or any vowel sounds in successive or closely associated syllables, esp. stressed syllables. eg. The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free. -Coleridge I slip, I slide, I gloom, I glance, Among my skinning swallows. -Tennyson Wherea

13、t with blade, with bloody blameful blade, He bravely broached his boiling bloody breast. -Shakespeare “Consonant cluster” (辅音连缀) “internal or hidden alliteration” (暗头韵) as in “Here in the long unlovely street” (Tennyson) The Scian & the Teian muse, The heros harp, the loves lute, Have found the fame

14、 your shores refuse. -Byronb) Assonance (腹韵/元音叠韵/半谐音)：the repetition of similar or identical vowel sounds in a line ending with different consonant sounds. eg. Do not go gentle into that night Old age should burn and rave at close of day. Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Though wise men at

15、 their end know dark is right, Because their words have forked no lightning they Do not go gentle into that night.c) Consonance (假韵): the repetition of the ending consonant sounds with different preceding vowels of two or more words in a line. eg. At once a voice arose among The bleak twigs overhead

16、 In a full-hearted evensong Of joy illimited. -Hardy End rhyme: lines in a poem end in similar or identical stressed syllables. a) Perfect rhyme Perfect rhyme (in two or more words) occurs in the following three conditions: identical stressed vowel sounds (lie-high, stay-play); the same consonants a

17、fter the identical stressed vowels (park-lark, fate- late); different consonants preceding the stressed vowels (first burst); followswallow (perfect rhyme)b) imperfect/ half rhyme: the stressed vowels in two or more words are the same, but the consonant sounds after and preceding are different. eg.

18、fernbird, fazelate, likerightc) Masculine and feminine rhyme eg. Sometimes when Im lonely, Dont know why, Keep thinking I wont be lonely By and by. -Hughes The comrade of thy wanderings over Heaven, As then, when to outstrip thy skiey speed Scarce seemd a vision; I would neer have striven -ShelleyRh

19、yme scheme (韵式)a) Running rhyme scheme (连续韵) two neighbouring lines rhymed in aa bb cc dd: eg. Tiger, tiger, burning bright In the forests of the night, What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry? In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes? On what wings dare he aspi

20、re? What the hand dare seize the fire?b) Alternating rhyme scheme (交叉韵) rhymed every other line in a b a b c d c d: eg. Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summers lease hath all too short a date: -Shakespe

21、arec) enclosing rhyme scheme (首尾韵) In a quatrain, the first and the last rhymed, and the second and the third rhymed in a b b a: eg. When you are old and gray and full of sleep, And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their

22、 shadows deep; -W. B. Yeats D. Form of poetry ( stanzaic form) a) couplet: a stanza of two lines with similar end rhymes: eg. A little learning is a dangerous thing; Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian Spring. b) heroic couplet: a rhyming couplet of iambic pentameter: eg. O could I flow like thee,

23、and make thy stream My great example, as it is my theme: -Denham Then share thy pain, allow that sad relief; Ah, more than share it, give me all thy grief. -Popec) Triplet / tercet: a unit or group of three lines, usu. rhymed eg. He clasps the crags with crooked hands; Close to the sun in lonely lan

24、ds, Ringed with the azure world, he stands. The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls: He watches from his mountains walls, And like a thunderbolt he falls. -Tennyson d) quatrain: a stanza of four lines rhymed or unrhymed. eg. O my luve is like a red, red rose, Thats newly sprung in June; O my luve is lik

25、e the melodie Thats sweetly playd in tune. As fair art thou, my bonie lass, So deep in luve am I; And I will luve thee still, my dear, Till a the seas gang dry. -Burnse) Sonnet: a fixed verse form of Italian origin consisting of 14 lines that are characteristically in iambic pentameter: The Petrarch

26、an / Italian sonnet (Francesco Petrarch): two parts: octave, asking question, presenting a problem, or expressing an emotional tension rhyming abba abba; while the sestet, solving the problem rhyming cde cde, cde cde, or cd cd cd. Shakespearean / English sonnet: arranged usually into three quatrains

27、 and a couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The first quatrain introduces a subject, the second expands, and once more in the third, and concludes in the couplet. Spenserian sonnet: three quatrains and a couplet rhymingabab bcbc cdcd ee; Miltonic sonnet: simply an ltalian sonnet that eliminates thepa

28、use between the octave and sestet.f) Blank verse: the unrhymed iambic pentameter eg. To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them? To die: to sleep;

29、 -Shakespeareg) Free verse: poetry that is based on irregular rhythmic cadence of the recurrence, with variations, of phrases, images and syntactical patterns rather than the conventional use of meter.eg. Days What are days for? Days are where we live. They come, they wake us Time and time over. The

30、y are to be happy in Where can we live but days? Ah, solving that question Bring the priest and doctor In their long coats Running over the fields. -Philip Larkin 3.The semantic system of English poetrya. The meaning of poetry Poetry is “the one permissible way of saying one thing and meaning anothe

31、r”. (Frost) The meaning of a poem usually consists of three levels, that is, the literal (the lowest), the sensory (the medium) and the emotional (the highest). b. Image-the soul of the meaning in poetry a) Definition: “language that evokes a physical sensation produced by one or more of the five senses- sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell.” (Kirsz