1、完整高中生英语语法大全全套推荐文档 词法第1章 主谓一致一.概念:主谓一致是指:1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语, 一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如: There is much water in the thermos. 但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如: Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.二.相关知识点精讲1.并列结构作主语时谓
2、语用复数,例如: Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。 注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如: The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。典型例题 The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. isB. was C. are D
3、. were答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C。本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则 1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如:There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。Th
4、ere are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。2)当either or 与neither nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如:Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。3.谓语动词与前面的主语一
5、致 当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如: The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。 He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。4. 谓语需用单数的情况1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语
6、需用单数。例如: Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。 There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如: The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 天方夜谭是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。例如: Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary
7、 preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。 Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。5.指代意义决定谓语的单复数 1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如:All is right.一切顺利。All are present.人都到齐了。2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该
8、集体的整体。例如: His family isnt very large. 他家成员不多。 His family are music lovers.他家个个都是音乐爱好者。 但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如: Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗?3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。例如: A number of +名词复数+复数动词。 The number of +名词复数+单数
9、动词。 A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English.6.与后接名词或代词保持一致的情况1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如: Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生
10、积极参与体育运动。2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如: A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。3)如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如: Many a person has read th
11、e novel.许多人读过这本书。 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。三.巩固练习( ) 1. The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons. A. were, was B. was, was C. was, were D. were, were( ) 2. E-mail, as well as telephones, _ an important par
12、t in daily communication. A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play( ) 3. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass. A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are( ) 4. Ten minutes _ a long time for one who waits. A. seem B. seems C. seemed D.
13、are seemed( ) 5. Eric is the only one of the boys who _ a driving license. A. has B. have C. is having D. are having( ) 6. Joy and Sorrow _ next-door neighbours. A. is B. are C. were D. be( )7. In my opinion, some of the news _ unbelievable. A. are B. is C. has been D. have been( )8. When _ the Unit
14、ed Nations founded? A. is B. are C. was D. were( )9. Every possible means _ . A. has tried B. has been tried C. was tried D. were tried( ) 10. What she says and does _ nothing to do with me. A. was B. were C. has D. have( )11. There _ a dictionary and several books on the desk. A. are B. must C. hav
15、e been D. is( )12. Nobody _ seen the film. Its a pity. A. but Tom and Jack have B. except Tom and Jack have C. but my friends has D. but I have( )13. No teacher and no student _ A. are admitted B. is admitted C. are admitting D. is admitting( )14. All but one _ here just now. A. is B. was C. has bee
16、n D. were( )15. When and where to build the new factory _ yet. A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided( ) 16. The writer and singer _ here.A. is B. are C. were D. do( ) 17. As I have a meeting at four, ten minutes _ all that I can spare to talk with you. A. are B.
17、 was C. is D. were( ) 18. In those days John with his classmates _ kept busy preparing for the exam. A. is B. are C. was D. were( ) 19. _ your clothes? No, mine _ hanging over there. A. Is it, is B. Are these, are C. Is it, are D. Are these, is( ) 20. The Smiths family, which _ rather a large one, _
18、 very fond of their old houses. A. were, were B. was, was C. were, was D. was, were( ) 21. What the teacher and the students want to say _ that either of the countries _ beautiful. A. are, are B. is, is C. are, is D. is, are( ) 22. He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for
19、 three years. A. is B. are C. have been D. has been( ) 23. _ of my brothers are reporters. Covering events, meetings, or sports meetings _ their duty. A. Each, are B. Both, is C. Neither, are D. None, is( ) 24. What do you think of the _ of the coat? Its rather high. You can buy a cheaper one in tha
20、t shop. A. value B. cost C. price D. use( ) 25. Are the two answers correct? No, _ correct. A. no one is B. both are not C. neither is D. either is not( ) 26. The wind, together with rain and fog, _ making sailing difficult. A. have been B. was C. / D/ are四.答案1.C 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. B 7. B 8. C 9
21、. B 10. C 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. D 15. A 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. D 21. B 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. B第2章 动词的时态一. 概念:时态是英语谓语动词的一种形式,表示动作发生的时间和所处的状态.英语中的时态是通过动词形式本身的变化来实现的.英语有16种时态,但中学阶段较常用的有十种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去完成时,英在完成时和现在完成进行时.二.相关知识点精讲1.一般现在时的用法1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时
22、间状语连用。时间状语: every, sometimes,at, on Sunday。例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如: The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。3) 表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Col
23、umbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示
24、正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。2. 一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。Whenever the Browns went du
25、ring their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了。例如:It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了 早该了 ,例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。 would (had) rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事。例如:Id rather you came tom
26、orrow.还是明天来吧。4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。) Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再
27、住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。2)情态动词 could, would。例如: Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?3.一般将来时 1)s
28、hall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?2)be going to +不定式,表示将来。 a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢? b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next mont
29、h。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。3)be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确
30、将来时的时间状语连用。 4. 一般现在时表将来 1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如: Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。 There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。3)在时间或条件句中。例如: When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。 Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如: I hope they have
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