初中语法专题 介词专题.docx

1、初中语法专题 介词专题 介词介词是一种用来表示词语词之间、词与句之间的关系的词，在句中不能单独做句子成分。介词分为简单介词和短语介词两种。简单介词即单个介词，如in，under，on，for，after等；短语介词指多个单词构成的介词，如in front of，instead of，far from等。介词短语与短语介词不同。介词短语指由“介词名词/代词等” 构成的短语，如at school，by bus，on Sunday等，在句中可以作定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语等。有些单词，既可以作介词，也可以作连词(作连词时，其后接句子)，如after，before等；而有些单词，既可以作介词，也可以

2、作副词，如above，below等。介词是中考试卷中的“常客”，从时间上看，年年都要考；从地点上看，每个地区都要考。考查介词的主要题目有：单项填空、完形填空、短文填空及句子翻译等。一、对时间介词的考查介词用 法例 句 / 常 用 短 语at 表示在某个时刻或是瞬间 用在节假日前表示“在期间” 用于某些固定搭配I usually get up at half past six.Bill got a lot of presents at Christmas.at noon; at night; at midnighton表示在具体的某一天或具体到某一天的早晨、上下午或晚上等I like visit

3、ing friends on Sundays.The accident happened on a rainy evening.in 用于月份、季节、年、年代、世纪等 泛指一天的上午、下午、晚上“in+时间段”，表示“在之后”，常用于一般将来时态in January; in summer; in the 1990sin the morning / afternoon / eveningShe says that her mother will be back _ (两个小时后) .during在期间during the summer holidaysbefore在之前He will be ba

4、ck before suppertime.after“after+具体时刻”，表示“在之后”“after+时间段”不与将来时连用。after three oclock / lunch / AugustHe will arrive _ (after / in) an hour.since后接时间点或过去时的句子，表示“自从以来”He has taught English since 2001.I havent seen him since he left last time.for后接时间段，表示“持续一段时间”He has lived here for eight years.till / u

5、ntil 表示持续到某个时候 not until 意为“直到才”It may last till / until next Friday.We cant get off the bus until it stops.fromfrom to 意为“从到”We go to school from Monday to Friday.by 表示“在之前”、“不迟于” 表示“到为止”You must be here by ten oclock tomorrow.by the end of last year / next year; by now【例题】 1. I was born _ December

6、 17. This year Ill hold a birthday party for it at home. A. on B. at C. in D. by 2. Do you know Victory Day in China?Yes, its _ September 3rd _ each year. It tells the world that Chinese people love peace and hate wars. Chinese people will never forget the history. A. in; on B. on; / C. at; / D. on;

7、 in 3. For many Western people, they drink cold water even _ winter. A. on B. for C. at D. in 4. The charity walk begins _ 9:00. Dont be late. No problem.A. at B. by C. in D. on 5. The Dragon Boat Festival this year will come _ four days. A. after B. for C. during D. in 6. (短文填空)After walking around

8、 _ some time, she came to a river. 7. (首字母填空) He has been away from home s_ two days ago. 8. (句子填空) The Highland Museum is opened every day _ Monday.二、对地点、方位介词的考查介 词图 示意 义例 句11in在之内The students are reading in the classroom.学生们在教室里读书。22on在上面The boat is on the river.那条船在河上。33beneath在下面(紧贴着表面)The sun i

9、s now beneath the horizon.太阳此刻落到地平线下了。44over在（正）上方There are several bridges over the river.河上有好几座桥。55under在（正）下方The boat sailed under the bridge.船在桥下行驶。66above在上方The plane flew above the clouds.飞机在云上飞行。77below在下方The sun sinks below the horizon.太阳沉没在地平线下。88by / beside在旁边Tom is sitting by / beside the

10、 window.汤姆坐在窗户的旁边。99near在附近I dont need a car because I live near the city centre. 我不需要汽车，因为我住在靠近市中心。110next to紧挨My best friend sits next to me in class.上课时我最好的朋友坐在我的旁边。111behind在后面Olive hid behind a tree.奥列弗藏在一棵树后面。112outside在外面He parked his car outside the theater.他把汽车停在剧场外面。113to到去We walked to the

11、 fruit shop.我们步行到水果店。114from从来We traveled to London from Edinburgh.我们从爱丁堡旅行到伦敦。115(a)round围绕We all sat around the table.我们都围绕着桌子坐。116between在之间（指二者）The letter B is between A and C.字母B在A和C之间。117among在之间（指三者或三者以上）The house stands among the trees.房子在树丛中。118across横过、越过(从表面跨过)If the road is busy, dont wa

12、lk across it.如果道路拥挤，就不要横穿马路。119through穿过(从内部穿过)We drove through the tunnel.我们开车穿过了隧道。220past / by从旁边经过/ 路过I went past / by a bakery on my way home.我在回家的路上经过了一家面包店。221onto到上The men lift the baskets onto the trucks.人们把篮子运上卡车。222into到里They put the apples into the baskets.他们把苹果放进篮子里。223out of从出来Dont loo

13、k out of the window in class.上课时不要朝窗外看。224along沿着Walk along this street, then turn left, you can see the post office.沿着这条街走，然后向右拐，你就可以看到邮局。at, in, on表示地点的用法：at表地点时，指空间位置上的某一点，后面常接小地方。如：at the bus stop；in表地点时，指在某一立体空间范围内，后面接大地方。如：in shanghai；on表地点时，指某物与另一物表面相接触，或与某地方接壤等。如：on the table等。in, on, to表示方位

14、的用法：范围之内用in；相邻、接壤用on；不相邻或隔海相望用to。【例题】9. I like the weather in Kunming. Its warm all year long.Yes. And the temperature stays _ zero all the time.A. at B. below C. around D. above 10. In cold winter, the temperature in Harbin often remains _ zero all day.A. above B. below C. over D. under 11. The ban

15、k is _ the bookstore and the post office. A. at the front of D. among C. between D. in 12. You must be careful when you swim _ the lake. A. across B. below C. over D. through 13. Excuse me, where is the bookstore?Go _ the bridge. Youll see it on your left.A. on B. cross C. across D. through14. Heilo

16、ngjiang Province is _ the northeast of China. A. to B. in C. on D. at 15. Cambridge is a small city _ the east of England. A. between B. with C. in D. under 16. Jim sits behind me, so I sit _ him. A. at the top of B. at the end of C. in the middle of D. in front of三、对手段、方法介词的考查介词用 法例 句 / 常 用 短 语by b

17、y+交通工具：“乘坐交通工具” by doing sth.：“通过某种方式”He goes to school by bus every day.I learn English by listening to the radio.in in+语言类名词：“用某种语言” in+工具：“用某种工具或材料”Can you say it in English?Dont write it in pencil. Write it in ink.with with+工具：“用某种工具或材料” with the help of：“在的帮助下”I often do my homework with a pen.

18、With the help of him, I won the match.on通过某个设备He listens to music on the radio.【例题】17. Ma Yun, the Chairperson of Alibaba Group, has made much money _ the Internet.A. through B. along C. across D. towards 18. More and more people in Shanghai choose to go to work _ underground.A. in B. with C. by D.

19、for 19. Gina, whats this _ English? A. by B. for C. in D. with 20. We can save money _ cooking our own meals instead of eating outside. A. by B. to C. for D. with四、对其他常用介词的考查介词用 法例 句 / 常 用 短 语about 大约“关于”，只表示“和有关”There are about 60 pupils in my class.I want to tell you a story about animals.on“关于”，多

20、表示内容具有专门性，是严肃的和学术性的Its a book on animals. 这是一本论及动物的书。(学术专着)like“像一样”He talked to me like his father.as“作为；以的身份”，后跟表示职业、职务的名词As a volunteer, I must try my best to help you with your problems.except“除之外”，指从整体中除去一部分We are all here except Li Ming.（李明不在这儿）besides“除之外还有（包括在内）”We are all here besides Li Mi

21、ng.（李明在这儿）with表示伴随，意为“和一起”I went to plant trees with my friends.without表示“没有”，常作状语He left without saying a word.for 表示目的，意为“为了” 表示原因、理由He came here for a cup of tea.Sanya is famous for “Tianya Haijiao”.towards“朝方向”A dog is running towards me.off“离开，脱离”Keep off the grass. 勿踏草地。against靠着；反对He is sleep

22、ing soundly against a tree.instead of“代替”I went swimming instead of watching TV.because of“因为”，表示原因I didnt go out because of the bad weather.【例题】 21. Do you remember what she looked like when you first met her?Of course. She was tall and thin _ long hair.A. in B. with C. on D. for 22. Jack had to st

23、op working though it was _ his own wishes. A. on B. for C. against D. by 23. Wild animals are our friends. We shouldnt kill them _ food or clothing. A. in B. with C. about D. for 24. It is great _ us to get so many favourite books on International Childrens Book Day. A. to B. with C. of D. for 25. H

24、e looked at me and, _ a word, smiled. A. in B. with C. without D. for 26. All of us went to the park _ Bob. He had to look after his sister.A. besides B. with C. except D. besides五、对介词短语的考查搭配情况介 词固 定 搭 配与名词的搭配atat night / noon; at once; at first / last; at home / school / workafterafter school / cla

25、ss; after breakfast / lunch / supper; after allbyby the way; by the lake / river; by now; by chance / accidentinin class; in time; in town; in the future; in fact; in a car / taxionon time; on duty; on business; on foot; on a train / ship / planeforfor example; for a while; for sure; for fun; the id

26、ea / technology fortothe answer to / the way to / the key towithhave problem / trouble / difficulty / fun with / make friends with与动词的搭配aboutworry about; talk about; think about; learn / know aboutatlook at; laugh at; shout at; point at; knock at; arrive at; call at swh.forlook for; ask for; wait fo

27、r; stand for; leave for; send for sb.fromhear from sb.; learn from sb.; come from; be made fromondepend on; get on; call on sb.;（put on; try on; turn on）off get off; fall off; show off;（take off; see sb. off）tobelong to; listen to; get to; write to; help oneself to; say hello / hi towithbegin with;

28、talk / chat with sb.; agree with sb.; get on / along with sb.与形容词的搭配aboutbe sure about; be sorry aboutatbe mad at; be good / bad at; be surprised at; be talented atofbe afraid / scared of; be sure / proud / fond / jealous / full ofwithbe busy / strict / angry / popular / satisfied / covered / filled withinbe interested in; be different in size; be strict in sth.forbe famous for; be late for; be ready for; be good / bad fortobe polite / rude / cruel to sb.; be good / friendly / kind / bad to sb.frombe away from; be dif