最全面语言学重点知识点+整理.docx

1、最全面语言学重点知识点+整理精品学习资料精品学习资料第 一 单 元什 么 是 语 言 学 ？Whatislinguistics?Prescriptive: it aims lay down rules for“ c.orrect” behaviorModern linguistics is descriptive; its investigations are based on authentic, andmainly spoken data.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientificstudyoflanguage.Itstudies

2、notanyparticularTraditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on“ high ”writtenlanguage, but languages in general.2.Synchronic vs. diachronic共时性与历史性The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic studyThe description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic stu

3、dy In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.The scope of linguistics语言学研究的范畴Phonetics 语音学 Phonology 音系学 Morphology形态学 Syntax句法学 Semantics语义学 Pragmatics语用学 Sociolinguistics社会语言学 Psycholinguistics心理语言学 Applied linguistics 应用语言学3.Speech and writing口头语与书面语Pho

4、netics语 音 学 ： thestudyofsoundsusedin linguisticSpeech enjoys priority over writing in modern linguistics study for the following reasons:(1)speech precedes writing in terms of evolution(2)a large amount of communication is carried out in speech tan in writing(3)speech is the form in which infants ac

5、quire their native languagecommunication led to the establishment of a branch of linguisticscalled phoneticsPhonology 音系学 :as linguistsbecame interestedin how soundsput together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they4.Language and parole语言与言语developed phonology.Morphologyanotherbranchofst

6、udyrelatedtosoundscalledLanguage refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech communityParole refers to the realization of language in actual use形态学 :the studyof the way in which these symbolsare arranged form words has constituted the branch of study called morphol

7、ogy.Syntax 句法学 :the combination of these words to form permissible5.Competence and performance能力与运用Chomsky defines competence as the ideal userslanguage knowledge of the rusles ofPerformance: the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communicationsentences in languagesis governed by rul

8、es ,thestudy of theselinguistics studiesrules constitutes a major branch ofWhat is language?什么是语言？ Language is a system of arbitrarySemantics 语义学 :the study of meaning wasand became known as semanticsgraduallydevelopedvocal symbols used for human communicationPragmatics 语用学 :when the study of meanin

9、g is conducted,not inCharacteristics of language:语言的特性isolaion,butin the contextof use,it becomes anotherbranchofLanguage is a rule-governed system Language is basically vocalLanguage is arbitrary (the fact different languages have differentlinguistic study called pragmaticsSociolinguistics 社会语言学 :t

10、he study of all these social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branchcalled sociolinguisticswords for the same object is a good illustrationof the arbitrarynature of language. This conventional nature of language is wellillustrated by a fam ous quotation from Sha

11、kespearePsycholinguistics 心理语言学language to psychology: Psycholinguistics relates the study of s playand Juliet” :“ A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.Appliedlinguistics应用语言学 :findingsin linguisticstudies canLanguage is used for human communicationoften be applied to the solution of such p

12、ractical problems as therecovery of speech ability.the study of such applications is generally known as applied linguisticsDesign features of language语言的甄别特征American linguist Charles Hockett specified 12 design features:1) arbitrariness 武断性Otherrelatedbranchsincludeanthropologicallinguistics,and2) p

13、roductivity创造性linguistics,neurologicalcomputational linguistics.linguistics,mathematical3) duality二重性4) displacement移位性Some important distinctions in linguistics语言学 / 计算语言学。人类学/ 神经语言学/ 数理5) cultural transmission文化传递性1 .Prescriptive vs Descriptive规定性与描述性单元二 Two major media of communication: speech an

14、d writingDescriptive ： a linguistic study describes andactually use.analyzes the languagepeopleThe limitedrange of sounds whichare meaningfulin humancommunicationand are of interestto linguisticstudies are the1欢迎下载第 1 页，共 10 页精品学习资料精品学习资料phonic medium of language.用于人类语言交际的声音称为语音，但实际上，同一语音在不通的语音环境中的发

15、音不尽相同，比如这些数目有限的一组语音构成了语言的声音媒介。Pit 和 spit 中的 /P/ 音发音就不一样。在宽式标音的基础上，再用变音符号表示同一语音在不同的语音环Phonetics 语音学 : is defined as the study of the phonic medium oflanguage;it is concernedwithall the sounds that occur inthe境下不同发音的标音法叫做窄式标音法。Classification of English speech sounds constantsworld s language.Three bra

16、nches of phonetics :英语语音的分类vowels andarticulatoryphonetics 发音语音学（ most highly developed ） , auditoryphonetics听觉语音学andacoustic phonetics声学语音学The basic difference between a vowel and a constant is that in theArticulation phonetics(发音语音学 ):How a speaker uses his speechpronunciationof the formerthe air

17、that comes from the lungsorgans articulate the sounds. Auditory phonetics （听觉语音学）sounds.:Howa hearerperceivesthemeets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, orthe mouth, while in that of the latter it is obstructed in one way or another .Consonants: the sounds in the production of

18、whichAcoustic( 声学语音学） :How the sounds are transmitter.Organs of speech发音器官The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in threeimportant areas or cavities:thereis an obstructionof the airsteam at somepointof the vocal tract.The pharyngeal cavity咽腔 -the throatVowels:thesoundsintheproduct

19、ionofwhichnoThe oral cavityThe nasal cavity口腔 -the mouth鼻腔 -the nosearticulators come very close together and the airVibration of the vocal cords (声带 ) results ina quality of speechstreampassesthrough thevocaltractwithoutsounds called“ voi浊cin音g ， ”wh ich is a feature of all vowels元音obstruction.and

20、some consonants辅音。单词补充：01) velum: The soft palate.Classification of English constants软腭Classificationintwoways:intermsofmannerof02) uvula: A small, conical, fleshy mass of tissue suspended from the center ofthe soft palate.3)larynx: n.4)vocal cord:小舌，悬雍垂悬垂在软腭中央的小的圆锥状肉块喉声带articulation :stops ,fricati

21、ves, affricates ,nasals ,liquids ,glides.:intermsofplaceof05) membrane: n. A thin, pliable layer of tissue covering surfaces or separatingarticulation:bilabial,labiodental,dental,alveolar,palatal,velar,glottal.or connecting regions, structures, or organs of an animal or a plant.的组织层，覆盖在表面或分割连接各种区域、结

22、构或动植物器官膜薄而柔软6)the soft palate:7)the hard palate:8)the teeth ridge:软腭硬腭 齿龈9)alveolus: A tooth socket in the jawbone10)the teeth: 牙齿牙槽颚骨处的牙床11) the lips:上下唇12)blade of tongue:13)back of tongue:舌面舌根14) pharyngeal cavity: 咽腔15) nasal cavity:鼻腔16) velar: Articulated with the back of the tongue touching o

23、r near the soft palate, as (g) in good and (k) in cup. 软腭音的用舌头后部挂触或靠近软腭清楚地发音的，如在good 中的(g) 以及在 cup 中的 (k)17)the tip of the tongue:18)the upper front teeth:19)the roof of the mouth:舌尖上齿 上颚20) the lower lip:下唇International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)The vowels (monophthongs and diphthongs)音）元音（单元音 &双元The

24、constants辅音Broadtranscription:transcriptionwithletter-symbolsonly.(indictionaries and teaching textbooks)用一个符号来表示一个语音的标音方式叫做宽式标音法，这种音标法常见于词典和教科书。Classification of English vowels:the position of the tongue in the mouth 3 groups:front,central,and back)舌位高低 (classification ofNarrow transcription: the t

25、ranscription with diacritics.:theopennessof the mouth, 口 的张 开 程度 (classificationof 42欢迎下载第 2 页，共 10 页精品学习资料精品学习资料groups:closeopen vowels)vowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowels,andcontrast.可以出现在不同语音组合中的同一为止，产生意义差别。:the shape of the lips园唇与否 (rounded or not rounded)/P/ and /Ph/ these two allophones o

26、f the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution.When two different forms are identical in every way except for onesound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the:lengthofthevowels元 音 的 长 度 (longvowelsandshortvowels,corresponding to the distinction of tense and lax vo

27、wels)two words are said to form a minimal pair. pen and ben最小对立对指出现在同一位置上的一个音之外其余都相同的两个语音组合。Some rules in phonology几条音系规则：blik, klib , bilk, kilb is possible. But lbki,Sequential rules序列规则ilbk, bkil , ilkb not possible.Assimilation rules 同化规则（ one sound to another by “ copying a ” feature of a seque

28、ntial phoneme, thus make the two phones similar）Deletionrule 省略规则（ it tell us when a sound is to be deletedalthough it is orthographically represented. ）Sign, design, there is nog sound./Signature, designation the g is pronounced./ Delete a g when it occurs before a final nasal constant.Suprasegment

29、al features: the phonemic features that occur abovethe level of the segments .切分即单音层面以上的音系特征。Phonology and phonetics音系学和语音学both are the studies of speech sounds.the main suprasegmental features are: stress, tone, intonation.切分特征 重音， 声调，语调超Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the

30、 speechsounds used in all human languages.第三单元 Morphology is a branch of grammar whichinternal structure of words and the rules by whichstudiesthe语音学研究的是人类所有语言的语音，旨在对语音进行描述和分类。wordsarePhonology is interestedin the system of sounds of a particularformed.Itisdividedintotwosub-branches:inflectionallanguage;it aims to discover how speech sounds in a languagemorphology and lexical or derivational morpho