新编简明英语语言学教程16章期末复习资料.docx

1、新编简明英语语言学教程16章期末复习资料新编简明英语语言学教程1-6章期末复习资料Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1.语言学Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通语言学General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.语言language Language is a system of arbitrar

2、y vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4.语言识别特征Design Features It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 （创造性） Duality双重性 Displace

3、ment移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递 书上1.1.3语言学界里几个重要的概念区别（5-12）：5.语言能力Competence （抽象）Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.语言运用performance （具体）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。 7.历时语言学Diachroni

4、c linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 8.共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.语言langue （抽象）The abstract lingui

5、stic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言语parole （具体）The realization of langue in actual use. 11.规定性Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analy

6、zes the language people actually use. 二、知识点 1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, its a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。 5.language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so its hardly possible for t

7、he linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判断题 6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used in languages.最先引起语言学家注意的是语言的发音。 三、问答题 1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study? 语言学范畴内容知识Phonetics-its defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, its con

8、cerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages. Phonology-the study of sounds systemsthe inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Morphology-Its a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by

9、which words are formed. Syntax-its a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics-Its simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics-the study of meaning in context of words. Others 非考试要求内容2.why do we say language is arbitrary? Language is a

10、rbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, its only our tacit agreem

11、ent of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the arbitrariness of language is a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. 3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguistics is d

12、escriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。 traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on high written language. 传统语法是规定性的，研究高级书面语。 4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why Modern linguistics is m

13、ainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view. 现代语言学主要是共时性的，重点研究现代语言。除非对语言的各种状态都进行成功的研究，否则很难从历时性角度对语言进行描述。 5.which enjoys priority in modern lingui

14、stics, speech or writings? Speech enjoys for the following reasons: Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution. A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing. speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. 6.how is Saussures distinction between langu

15、e and parole similar to Chomskys ? Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language,

16、 Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 6.the distinction between langue and parole? langue is abstract, relatively stable parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation. 1/ What is linguis

17、tics?什么是语言学？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 2/ The scope of linguistics（同问答题第一题）语言学的研究范畴The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通语言学)The study of sounds, which are

18、used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语音学）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音位学）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学）The study of how morphemes and words are combined to

19、form sentences is called syntax（句法学）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语用学）3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics语言学研究中的几对基本概念Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写If a linguistic study describes and analyzes th

20、e language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammar is prescriptive while modern linguistics

21、 is descriptive. The task of linguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use, whether it is “correct” or not. Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a dia

22、chronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important. Speech and writing 口头语与书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. Th

23、ere are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written. Langue and parole 语言和言语The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction

24、 between langue and parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study.

25、He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics. Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.He defines comp

26、etence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.Chapter Two Phonology1、定义 书上 2.2 Phonetics（语音学）（定义）Phonetics: th

27、e study of the phonic medium of language: it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.（是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中的所有语音） 书上2.3 Phonology 定义Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic co

28、mmunication.1.宽式音标Broad transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 2.窄式音标Narrow transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. 3.清音Voiceless When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vib

29、ration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. 4.浊音Voicing Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 5.元音Vowel The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal

30、tract without obstruction are called vowels. 8.音位变体Allophones Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 二、知识点 5. The tongue：The tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any other, the ex

31、treme back of the tongue can be raised towards the uvula and a speech sound can be thus produced as is used in Arabic and French. 8. A Phone is a phonetic unit or segment. 9.书上2.3.4.1 Sequential rules序列规则例子 If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination shoul

32、d obey the following three rules: the first phoneme must be /s/ the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/ the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w 10.English has four basic types of intonation:Falling tone;Rising tone;Fall-rise tone; Rise-fall tone三、问答题 1.what are the three branches of phonetics? how do they contribute to the study of speech sound? Articul