高考英语二轮复习增分篇专题巧突破专题二完形填空讲义.docx

1、高考英语二轮复习增分篇专题巧突破专题二完形填空讲义2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习增分篇专题巧突破专题二完形填空讲义 江苏高考完形填空近五年考情统计年份体裁选项设置词汇复现语境词义逻辑关系固定搭配xx记叙文31421xx夹叙夹议文41402xx记叙文11720xx记叙文21413xx夹叙夹议文21512说从上表可以看出，江苏高考完形填空题设空以语境题和词汇题为主，注重在语境中考查词义及搭配。四个选项基本上属同一词类，相同语义范畴，选择时要求上下文通篇考虑。xx年高考完形填空采用的是记叙文体，文章本身的难度和选项设置的难度较之前均有所降低，但对考生利用上下文信息进行答题方面的能力要求更高。和

2、以往相比对连词的考查力度有所加大。对考生理顺上下文逻辑关系有了更具体的要求。该部分主要考查考生对语篇的理解、对语言知识在语篇中的综合运用，文章选材贴近考生生活。在复习中，要培养扎实的词汇和语法功底，注意词汇的一词多义和常用搭配，平时注意积累并背诵实词的特定搭配及与其他形近词或意近词的辨析；要强化限时阅读训练，逐渐提高阅读速度，在训练中培养读文能力和根据文章的整体结构、上下文语境、词语搭配和同类词语差异等方面来理解文章的解题能力。完形填空题的发展趋势是语言运用与情景交际融为一体，因此在复习中还要加强对语言的实际运用能力的培养和训练。 提及完形填空题，很多考生都感到犯难。作为高考的一种常见传统题型

3、，我们都很熟悉它的命题形式，但为什么这种熟悉的传统题型往往难以取得理想的分数呢？就高考英语试卷而言，完形填空从试题的语言素材上来讲，其实并不是很难。首先，完形填空的阅读量并不是很大，一般文章长度为300词左右；其次，无论完形填空的文章还是后面的选项都不会考查很难、很偏的词汇，全部都在大纲所规定的范围之内。为什么这种理论上并不是很难的考查形式却让很多考生束手无策呢？要解决这一难题，我们首先应从的角度来审视完形填空题，了解其命制过程以及完形填空选文的布局结构。一、完形填空命制的来龙去脉完形填空的命制过程是在预先选好的一篇文章中有目的地在每隔一定数量的词语后去除一处词语，形成总共20处词语空缺，然后

4、在相应的空缺处设置包括三个干扰项在内的四个备选答案，需要考生从四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。我们可以这样简单地理解：完形填空的命题形式决定了完形文章由两部分信息构成：了解了未知信息与已知信息之间的这种紧密互动关系，就不难理解之所以将20处未知信息设置在一篇文章之中，即设置在一个庞大的已知信息体系之中，就是要求考生先对这些已知信息进行充分地把握和理解，通过已知信息去破解未知信息。这就是“藕虽断，丝还连；文不全，意相牵”。因此，考生必须认识到这20处填空绝对不是单纯存在的信息点，这20处填空所在的句子也不是孤立的句子，它们是通篇文章的一部分，是属于一个整体的。因此，要想破解这20处填空首先必须对整篇

5、文章进行把握，从把握整体的高度去“俯视”这20处具体填空。完形填空答题的宏观思路为：二、完形填空文章的两大特点既然要求考生解答完形填空时从整体上把握文章，那么所选取的文章就应该有清晰的布局结构，能够从整体上把握。此类文章一般都有着两个很明显的特点：1一般都有明确的中心主线整篇文章的中心主线有一个鲜明的主题，同时文章往往又具有很强的导向性或者作者态度具有鲜明的倾向性，而这个主题以及这种导向性或倾向性其实就构成了完形填空文章的中心主线，成为从整体上把握完形填空文章的关键点。记叙文类完形填空文章通常都有一条事件线或感情线，这条事件线或感情线就是文章的中心主线，我们在阅读时一定要抓住这条中心主线。2往

6、往采用“(总)分总”结构从文章结构的角度来看，能够将文章的中心主线非常简洁地表达的结构往往是“(总)分总”结构。“(总)分总”结构由总述部分和分述部分构成，总述是对分述的总结和概括，而分述是对总述的展开和详述，两者之间有着明确的相互支撑、相互印证的对照关系。 虽然一篇完形填空挖出了很多空格，变得“残缺不全”，有很大的阅读障碍，但为了解题的需要，文中保留了一些必要的信息和关键的解题提示，正是保留的这些信息和提示给我们指明了解题的方向和思考的范围。如何抓住这些关键信息了解文章的主题，这就是如何读文的问题。阅读时可按照以下两步进行。第一步：速读文章，明主题主线目标(一)：抓首句，明主题完形填空一般无

7、标题，首句一般不设空，是完整的一句，往往是整篇文章的统领句，概括了文章的中心和写作意图。利用首句信息可以帮助我们判断文章的体裁，抓住文章的核心及中心话题，预测故事的发展等信息。例1(xx全国卷) When I was 13, my only purpose was to bee the star on our football team.分析： 例2(xx上海高考)In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the now famous Theory X

8、and Theory Y.分析：目标(二)：读全文，理主线根据上文对完形文章结构两大特点的分析，以及“(总)分总”结构在完形填空中的应用，建议考生按照以下步骤进行整体通读，从而迅速掌握整篇文章的中心主线。首先，重点读文章的首句或首段(文章的第二句往往也很重要，也可能属于总述句的范畴，建议根据情况重点读)；其次，重点读每一段的首句；最后，从以上首句之外的分述部分中挑选各句子中的一些重点词语，如谓语动词、形容词、名词等，进行综合分析，构建联系，提炼出线索。以上三个步骤，第一步是核心。由于完形填空大都是采用“(总)分总”结构，一般通过文章的首句就已经能够读出中心主线了。如果有些文章的首句不能明显体现

9、文章的中心主线，则需做好第二和第三个步骤，进一步明确中心主线。第二步：精读文章，边读边填目标(三)：抓逻辑词，明意群，定区间第二步精读的过程，也是做题的过程。我们在阅读完形文章时要特别注意一些常见的上下文(句)逻辑关系词，因为这些逻辑关系词可以把几个句子联系到一块，形成一个意群，这个意群往往就是某一填空的信息区间。根据历年高考完形填空题可总结出完形文章中上下文(句)之间比较常见的几种逻辑关系：1并列关系常用标志词和短语：and, or, neither . nor, either . or, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say

10、, as well as, the same . as2递进关系常用标志词和短语：also, then, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, whats more3因果关系常用标志词和短语：because, for, since, as, thus, therefore, so, so . that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to, for this re

11、ason4转折关系常用标志词和短语：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of5让步关系常用标志词和短语：although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of6举例关系常用标志词和短语：such as, for example, for instance, to take an example, namely7总结

12、关系常用标志词和短语：in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether, to sum up, to conclude综合以上分析可知，完形填空题的解答实际上就是通过已知信息去破解未知信息。这需要考生从完形文章所包含的庞杂的已知信息体系中分析、查找、排查无关的已知信息，定位和查找出与每处具体的填空相关联的已知信息，再根据这些已知信息最终得出正确答案。下面我们将介绍“词汇复现、语境词义、逻辑关系、固定搭配”这四种常用解题技巧，看看是如何利用已知信息来确定未知信息的。一、利用“词汇复现”解题词汇复现的信息包括原词复现，

13、同义词、近义词和反义词复现，概括词复现和代词复现等。语篇中有词汇和结构同现的现象，如：与语篇话题相关、意义相关的词汇同时出现，结构同现，同义同现，修饰同现，因果同现等。在高考中属于基础题目。 例1(xx江苏高考)With a sinking feeling, he realized that he actually_43_ doing it. He tried to hide his 44.obvious pleasure from the music teacher, who had 45.wandered over to listen.43A.missed BdislikedCenjoye

14、d Ddenied分析：选C根据下一句中的“pleasure”可知，他意识到实际上他喜欢弹钢琴。enjoy和pleasure意思相近，所以属于词汇复现。例2(xx江苏高考)Years ago, a critical event occurred in my life that would change it forever. I met Kurt Kampmeir of Success Motivation Incorporation for breakfast. While we were_36_， Kurt asked me, “John, what is your _37_for per

15、sonal growth？” .“You dont have a personal plan for growth, do you？”36A.working BpreparingCthinking Deating37A.suggestion BdemandCplan Drequest分析：36选D根据上一句中的“for breakfast”可知，我们在一起吃早饭。breakfast和eat是相关话题，所以属于意义相关的词汇复现。37选C根据下文中的“You dont have a personal plan for growth”可知选plan，属于原词复现。例3(xx江苏高考)Im an a

16、mbitious _40_， and when I started going through chemo(化疗), even though Im a very41.positive person, I lost my drive to write.40A.reader BwriterCeditor Ddoctor分析：选B句意：我是一个雄心勃勃的作家，当我开始化疗的时候，虽然我是一个很积极乐观的人，但是我失去了写作的动力。根据后面的“I lost my drive to write”可知作者是一个作家(writer)。属于意义相关的词汇复现。二、利用“语境词义”解题完形填空主要考查考生对语境

17、的理解，着重考查考生根据上下文提供的信息进行分析、推理、判断的能力。所以考生在做题时要有全局观念，进行连贯性思维，要把每个空白处的含义与前后句的意思联系起来理解，进行合乎逻辑的推理判断。例1(xx江苏高考)When he began practicing, he took it very _50_. But he quickly found that he loved playing this instrument, and was _51_ to practicing it so that within a couple of months he was playing reasonably

18、 well.50A.seriously BproudlyCcasually Dnaturally51Amitted BusedClimited Dadmitted分析：50选C根据后面的表示转折的“But”可知，一开始练习的时候，他并不是很认真，所以casually“漫不经心地”，符合语境。故本题属于语境词义题。51选A根据后面的“within a couple of months he was playing reasonably well”可知，他练得非常认真，几个月内就已经能演奏得很好了。be mitted to doing sth. “专心致志地做某件事”。故本题属于语境词义题。例2(

19、xx江苏高考)That night, I talked to my wife about my 49.conversation with Kurt and what I had learned. I 50.showed her the workbook and tapes Kurt was selling. We _51_ that Kurt wasnt just trying to make a sale. He was offering a 52.way for us to change our lives and achieve our dreams. 51A.recalled Bdef

20、inedCrecognized Ddeclared分析：选C下文中的“He was offering .to change our lives and achieve our dreams.”是对此空所在句的进一步解释，也就是说我们意识到(recognize)库尔特并不仅仅是在销售东西。故本题属于语境词义题。例3(xx江苏高考)We would see each other at various times and _49_ friends. Sometimes he wore a duck hat, and I would tell myself, he was definitely a(n

21、) 50.fan of Dr. Bernie. He really put a _51_ on my face.49A.became BhelpedCmissed Dvisited51A.sign BsmileCmark Dmask分析：49选A句意：我们多次见面并且成了朋友。根据and前面的“We would see each other at various times”可知两人应该是成了(became)朋友。故本题属语境词义题。 51选B句意：他确实让我的脸上有了笑容。根据上文可知，作者因为有了知心朋友，心情自然变得好起来了，脸上有了笑容。故本题属于语境词义题。 三、利用“逻辑关系”解题

22、逻辑关系是指转折关系、让步关系、因果关系、递进关系、并列关系、总结关系等，与语法密切相关。逻辑关系一般隐藏在句子中、句与句之间以及段落的衔接中。利用逻辑关系，我们可以通过确切、具体的线索，把答案的逻辑意义推测出来，从而选出正确选项。这样使题目的难度大大降低。例1(xx江苏高考)He swore to himself to39.avoid music, as he hated getting to school extra early._40_， one day, in the music class that was 41.part of his schools standard curric

23、ulum, he was playing idly (随意地) on the piano and found it 42.easy to pick out tunes.40A.Therefore BHoweverCThus DMoreover分析：选B根据上句的内容可知，他发誓要避开音乐，因为他不喜欢很早到校。但是下文中说道“他发现(慢慢)弹奏乐曲是容易的”，由此可见上下文之间表示转折关系，因此选择However。故本题属于逻辑关系题。例2(xx江苏高考)One day, while waiting to go in for43.treatment,_I had one of Dr. Bern

24、ies books in my hand. Another patient 44.noticed what I was reading and struck up a conversation with me _45_ he had one of his books with him as well. 45A.while BbecauseCalthough Dproviding分析：选B前文说他注意到作者读的书并开始和作者聊天，后文提到“他也有Dr. Bernie的一本书”，由此可知两者是因果关系，因此选because。故本题属逻辑关系题。例3(xx江苏高考)He unfortunately

25、52.passed_away last year due to his cancer, _53_ he left a deep impression on me and gave me the 54.inspiration_to pick up my pen again. I 55.thought to myself, “If he can do it, then so can I” 53A.since BbutCso Dfor分析：选B根据上一句可知，不幸的是，去年他因为癌症去世了。“他去世”与后面的“给我留下深刻印象”之间存在转折关系，所以用but。故本题属逻辑关系题。四、利用“固定搭配”

26、解题固定搭配包括固定词组搭配和语法题两种， 随着“突出语篇”的命题原则， 这类题目越来越少。例1(xx江苏高考)This52.meant,_of course, that he arrived at school early in the morning, 53.dragging_his heavy instrument case across the campus to the 54.pitying_looks of the nonmusicians he had left_55_.55A.over BasideCbehind Dout分析：选Cleave . behind表示“把抛在后面”

27、，符合语境。故本题属于固定搭配。例2(xx江苏高考)And thats when it _45_ me. I wasnt doing anything 46.on_purpose to make myself better. And at that moment, I made the 47.decision:_I will develop and follow a personal growth plan for my 48.life.45A.confused BinformedCpleased Dhit分析：选D库尔特的话使“我”突然醒悟。when it hit me“使我突然想起”，属于

28、固定搭配。例3(xx江苏高考)We 51.recognized that Kurt wasnt just trying to make a sale. He was offering a _52_ for us to change our lives and achieve our dreams. 52A.tool BmethodCway Drule分析：选C句意：库尔特给我们提供了一种改变生活、实现梦想的途径。a way to do sth.“做某件事的方法”，属于固定搭配。 一、文章这样读(快速浏览，把握大意)For a long time Gabriel didnt want to be

29、 involved in music at all. In his first years of high school, Gabriel would look pityingly at the music students, _36_ across the campus with their heavy instrument cases, _37_ at school for practice hours _38_ anyone else had to be there. He swore to himself to _39_ music, as he hated getting to sc

30、hool extra early._40_， one day, in the music class that was _41_ of his schools standard curriculum, he was playing idly (随意地) on the piano and found it _42_ to pick out tunes. With a sinking feeling, he realized that he actually _43_ doing it. He tried to hide his _44_ pleasure from the music teach

31、er, who had _45_ over to listen. He might not have done this particularly well, _46_ the teacher told Gabriel that he had a good _47_ and suggested that Gabriel go into the music storeroom to see if any of the instruments there _48_ him. There he decided to give the cello (大提琴) a _49_. When he began practicing, he took it very _50_. But he quickl