定语从句超强分解.docx

1、定语从句超强分解1.定语从句 (1)定语从句：就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。用来修饰某个名词、代词或整个句子的从句就叫做定语从句。The man you talked about is our headmaster. 你们刚才所谈论的那个人是我们的校长This is the bike my father gave me as my birthday present. 这是我父亲送给我作为生日礼物的单车。The tree whose leaves are red was planted last year. 那棵叶子红色的树是去年栽的(2)先行词：定语从句所修

2、饰的词就叫做先行词，它一般是由名词、代词或句子充当。The boy who is singing at the stage is only nine years old. 在舞台上唱歌的那个男孩今年才九岁。(现行词是名词)Anyone that is willing to help others is welcome to our group. 任何愿意帮助他人的人都欢迎来参加我们的组织。(现行词是代词)His mother is out of danger, which excites their family very much. 他母亲脱离了危险，这件事情使他们家兴奋不已。(现行词是句子

3、)(3)关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用，又做从句中的某个句子成分。Lee is one of the students who are working very hard. 李是一个学习非常努力的学生。(引导词who)There is nobody but knows you here. 这儿没有不认识你的人。(引导词but)He led us to a place where we have never been before. 他把我们带到了我们以前从未去过的地方。 (引导词where)关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和

4、that等；关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等。关系副词有when, where, why等。关系副词作状语。This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. 这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。说明：句中修饰the book的that my father bought me yesterday就是定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词；代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。The time when he arrives is not known. 他到达的时间还不知道。说明：句中whe

5、n he arrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。关系词的选择1. 一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因，如指物时不能用who或whom，指人时通常不用which等。2. 二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等，如作定语通常用whose，有时也用which；作状语要用when, where, why。注意，不要一看到先行词为表时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用 when, where, why 来引导定语从句，要注意分清它们在定语从句充当什么成分。如：I f

6、orget the time when he will come. 我忘记了他来的时间。(when 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语)I forget the time that he told me. 我忘记了他告诉我的时间。(that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)The reason why he cant come is that he is ill. 他不能来的原因是他病了。(why 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作状语)The reason that he told me is not true. 他告诉我的原因不真实。(that 引导定语从句，在定语从句中用作宾语)3. 三

7、看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。注意，不要一看到逗号就认为是非限制性定语从句。如：If youve really said that to her, _ will cause real trouble.A. that B. which C. as D. what此题答案是A，不是B。尽管空格前有逗号，但这并不是非限制性定语从句，所以不能填 which。正确的理解是：If youve really said that to her 是一个条件状语从句，逗号后的句子是主句，空格处填that用作主句主语。2.关系代词的一般用

8、法先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语，可以省略)I met a boy whose father w

9、as a astronaut. 我认识一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语)Here is the coat which/that will be made to you. 这是一件做给你的衣服。（作主语）This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语，可以省略)He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful. 他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。3.关系副词的一般用法关系副词有when, where, w

10、hy，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词；where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词；why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词which”代替，why可用for which代替。如：There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is th

11、e place where (=in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语)比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。(

12、作主语)(2) Ill never forget the days when we lived together. 我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。(作状语)比较：Ill never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。(作及物动词spent的宾语)(3) The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。(作状语，用关系副词)比较：The reason (that) he gave f

13、or his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。(作gave的宾语，用关系代词).关系代词Bwho, whom, whose 用法说明who和whom均只用于指人，不用于指事或物，其中who在定语从句中用作主语，whom在定语从句中用作宾语。I met a girl who knew your sister. 我碰到一个认识你姐姐的姑娘。In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry. 在柏林，他第一次遇见那个女人，后来他终于跟她结了婚。但是，用作宾语的wh

14、om如果不是紧跟在介词之后，通常会被省略或用who, that代之。如：The person to whom I complained is the manager. 我向他投诉的那个人是经理。The person (who, whom, that) I complained to is the manager. 我向他投诉的那个人是经理。关系代词whose既可用于指人，也可用于指事或物，它在定语从句中主要用作定语。She is the woman whose car was stolen. 她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。This is the house whose windows were b

15、roken. 这就是窗户被打破了的房子。Mrs. Gray, whose children are in college, is trying to get a job. 格雷太太的孩子们都在上大学，她想找一份工作。2.定语从句中的that和which用法区别that和which在从句里都可以做宾语和主语，做宾语时可以省略。在定语从句中,有种说法叫关宾省,意思是关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语可以省略,不管是that，which，还是whom。但是which能引导非限制性定语从句，that则不行。其次，记得以下只能用that的几种情况：1.当先行词为all, much, little, non

16、e及由any, every, some, no所构成的复合不定代词时。We should do all that is useful to the people. 我们应该做一切有益于人民的事情。Please tell me anything that you know about the matter. 有关此事，凡是你所知道的请告诉我。2.当先行词被any, few, little, no, all, much, some等词修饰时。You can take any seat that is free. 任何空着的座位你都可以坐。There is little work that is f

17、it for you. 几乎没有适合你的工作。3.当先行词为序数词或被序数词所修饰时。When people talk about the cities of China, the first that comes to my mind is Beijing. 人们谈论起中国的城市的时候，我首先 想到的是北京。This is the fourth film that has been shown in our school this term. 这是我们校本学期放映的第四部电影。4.当先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。The best that I could do was to a

18、pologize. 我唯一能做的就是赔礼道歉了。This is the most interesting story book that I have ever read. 这是我读过的一本最有趣的故事书。5.当先行词被the very, the only, the last, the just, the same等修饰时。This is the very book that Im looking for. 这正是我在找的书。The only thing that we could do was to wait. 我们唯一能做的事就是等待。注意：先行词被the same修饰时，关系代词也可用a

19、s。I need the same book that / as you have. 我需要有你一样的书。6.当先行词既包含人又包含物时。They are talking of the heroines and their deeds that interest them. 他们正在谈论他们感兴趣的女英雄及她们的事迹。7.当先行词是疑问代词who，which，what或主句以这些词开头时。Who that has ever worked together with him doesnt admire him? 曾经和他一起工作过的谁不钦佩他？Which is the star that is

20、nearer to the earth？ 哪个是离地球比较近的星星？8.当先行词为主句表语或关系代词为从句表语时。Thats a good book that will help you a lot. 那是本对你很有帮助的书。Our school is no longer the place that it used to be. 我们的学校现在已不是过去的那个样子了。9.先行词为time时，当time表示次数，引导词用that, 可省略。 当表示时间，可用that或when引导，都可省略。I do remember the first time(that) I had ever heard

21、the sweetest voice in the world.我很清楚地记得当我第一次听到世界上最美的声音的时候。I didt remember the exact time （when/that） I arrived in Shanghai last month. 我不记得上个月到达上海的确切时间了。最后，请注意以下几种只能使用which的情况:1. 在“介词关系代词”结构中，关系代词必须用which。The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。This is the reference book of which the tea

22、cher is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 例如： This isthe question which/that weve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about whichweve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。2.先行词为“those表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。you should grasp well those sk

23、ills which may be used in the future work最后，记得这个特殊情况吧：当先行词是表示原因或方式的名词时，可以用that引导定语从句，相当于介词+which，that可以省略。She likes the child for the very reason that (=for which) she loves his father. 她喜欢那个孩子因为她爱着孩子的父亲。He didnt like the way that (=in which) she speaks to his mother. 他不喜欢她对他的母亲那样说话。Imagine the spee

24、d that (=at which) he drives the car. 很难想象，他开车开得那么快。The reason (that /for which /why) he came here was to ask for our help.他来这里的原因是寻求我们的帮助。限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的六点区别区别一：形式不同限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。区别二：功能不同限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于对先

25、行词起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整。如：People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)His daughter, who is inBostonnow, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)区别三：翻译不同在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开。如：He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。

26、Ive invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。区别四：含义不同比较下面的两个句子：I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)区别五：先行词不同限定性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词，而非限定性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词，也可以是短语或句子；另外，当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时，通常要用非限制性定语从句，而不用限制性定语从句。如

27、：Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave forJapannext week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to

28、 study abroad. 她父亲很有钱，希望她出国学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词，要用非限制性定语从句修饰)区别六：关系词不同关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中，通常不用于非限制性定语从句；另外，在限制性定语从句中，关系词有时可以省略(参见本章有关内容)，而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不省略。1. 形式不同限定性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开，口语中使用时也不停顿；而非限定性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开，口语中使用时有停顿。2. 功能不同限定性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别，如果去掉，就会造成句意不完整或概念不清；而非限定性定语从句用于对先行词

29、起补充说明作用，如果省略，句意仍然清楚、完整：People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿，下星期回来。(若把从句去句子意义仍然完整)3. 翻译不同在翻译定语从句时，一般把限定性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前，而把非限定性定语从句与主句分开：He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。Ive i

30、nvited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆，他就住在隔壁。4. 含义不同比较：I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个当医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)I have a sister ,who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐，她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)1. 结构不同限制性定语从句常紧接在先行词后，主、从句间没有逗号分开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号分开，并且as所引导的非限制性定语从句还可放在主句之前。如：His friend who works in Guangdong telephoned

31、 him last night. 他在广东工作的朋友昨天来了电话。(限制性)His father, who works in Guangdong, telephoned last night. 他父亲在广东工作，昨天给他来了电话。(非限制性)As you know, I dont like drinking or smoking. 你知道，我不喜欢喝酒、抽烟。(非限制性)2. 功能不同限制性定语从句对先行词进行修饰、限制，如果去掉定语从句，整个句子的意思就不完整、不准确；非限制性定语从句对先行词进行补充、说明，即使去掉定语从句，对句子的意思没有影响。如：He asked me a question which was about my study at school. 他问了一个有关我在学校学习的问题。如果去掉后面的定语从句，句子的意思显然不清楚。This is my motorbike, which was sent to me by my uncle. 这是我的摩托车，它是我叔叔送的。显然去掉后面的定语从句对句子的意思没有影响。3. 先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词一般是名词或代词；非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、短语、甚至是整个句子。如：I know nothing that happened last night. 昨天晚上所发生的事情，我一点也